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week1introSocio
Sociological Perspective and Social Processes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sociology | a systematic approach to thinking about studying and understanding society, human social behavior, and social groups |
| Auguste Comte | coined the term “sociology”; he’s considered the founder of sociology |
| Karl Marx | a conflict theorist who believed that conflict was usually a result of economy; result of conflict is change in society |
| Emile Durkheim | theorist who believed that societies were held together by common values/beliefs; looked at contribution of parts of a society and its impact on the whole; He did the 1st studies on suicide and was the 1st to apply the scientific method to human |
| Talcott Parsons | considered the most influential American Sociologist; viewed society as a stable, though complex system of interdependent parts, each of which performed a function important to the system |
| C. Wright Mills | an influential American Sociologist; his theories about the power elite set the stage for research on the American power structure; synonymous with term “sociological imagination” |
| Subjectivity | basing an understanding on personal values and experiences; human judgment plays a role therefore; biases can & do occur |
| Objectivity | basing an understanding independent of personal values and experiences; mathematical data is not biased |
| Applied sociology | research conducted to provide solutions to immediate, practical problems |
| Academic sociology | research conducted for the sake of knowledge |
| Methodology | system of rules, procedures and principles that guides scientific investigation |
| Empirical research | involves direct observance using the senses (sight, hearing) |
| Variable | any characteristic that can change or differ from time to time, person to person or place to place |
| Causation | when one variable has an influence on another |
| Correlation | determining the relationship between two variables (can be positive, negative, or none) |
| Controls | method used in experimentation that helps eliminate extraneous cause to a relationship between 2 Variables |
| Population | entire group of people the researcher is focused on studying (single mothers, men age 21, etc) |
| Random sample | subjects chosen in a way that allows every member of the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample (should be a representative sample) |
| Verstehen | a principle used by Max Weber that means empathetic understanding; |
| Culture Glossary | |
| beliefs | shared ideas held collectively by people within a given culture |
| counterculture subculture | created as a reaction against the values of the dominant culture |
| cultural capital (also known as social capital ) | cultural resources that are socially designated as being worthy (such as knowledge of elite culture) and that give advantages to groups possessing such capital |
| cultural diffusion | the transmission of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another |
| cultural hegemony | the pervasive and excessive influence of one culture throughout society |
| cultural relativism | the idea that something can be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears |
| culture | the complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society |
| culture lag | the delay in cultural adjustments to changing social conditions |
| culture shock | the feeling of disorientation that can come when one encounters a new or rapidly changed cultural situation |
| dominant culture | the culture of the most powerful group in society |
| ethnocentrism | the belief that one's in-group is superior to all out-groups |
| ethnomethodology | a technique for studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how individuals attempt to restore normalcy |
| folkways | the general standards of behavior adhered to by a group |
| frames | specific schemes of interpretation that allow people to perceive, identify, and label events within their lives that can become the basis for collective action |
| global culture | the diffusion of a single culture throughout the world |
| inner-directedness | a condition wherein the individual's behavior is guided by internal principles and morals |
| language | a set of symbols and rules that, when put together in a meaningful way, provides a complex communication system |
| law | the written set of guidelines that define what is right and wrong in society |
| mass media | channels of communication that are available to very wide segments of the population |
| mores | strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior |
| norms | the specific cultural expectations for how to act in a given situation |
| other-directedness | a condition wherein the individual's behavior is guided by the behavior of others |
| popular culture | the beliefs, practices, and objects that are part of everyday traditions |
| reflection hypothesis | the idea that the mass media reflect the values of the general population |
| Sapir–Whorf hypothesis | a theory that language determines other aspects of culture since language provides the categories through which social reality is defined and perceived |
| social capital | see cultural capital |
| social sanctions | mechanisms of social control that enforce norms |
| subculture | the culture of groups whose values and norms of behavior are somewhat different from those of the dominant culture |
| symbols | things or behavior to which people give meaning |
| tradition-directedness | conformity to longstanding and time-honored norms and practices |
| values | the abstract standards in a society or group that define ideal principles |
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