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week1religofworld
Introduction to World Religions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Religion | a system of symbols, myths, doctrines, ethics, and rituals for the expression of ultimate relevance |
| Symbol | something that is used to represent something else |
| Rituals | prescribed, formalized actions that are used to dramatize religious symbols |
| Magic | the attempt to manipulate spiritual forces |
| Doctrine | the specific teachings of a denomination on the nature of adeity |
| Monotheism | the position that only one Deity exists |
| Polytheism | the position that many Deitiesexist |
| Syncretism | the blending that takes place when different religions come into contact |
| Animism | the doctrine that there are spirits in everything |
| Atheism | the position that no deities exist |
| Scripture | term for sacred writings |
| Fundamentalists | people who are strict about their religious doctrine and ethics and take a literal interpretation of scriptures |
| Theologians | Attempt to use philosophy and rational elaboration in order to explain or argue religious doctrine |
| High God | father, creator god has withdrawn from active intervention in the world |
| Magic | use of ritual to manipulate spirits or natural phenomena |
| Megaliths | stone monument centers for rituals |
| Sacrifice | ritual offering of something to deity; human sacrifice practiced by some religions |
| Shaman | medicine man figure prominent in religion of tribal cultures |
| Taboo | something forbidden for ordinary use |
| Vision quest | puberty rite of American Indians; young man is sent into wilderness for communion with spirits |
| Mesopotamia | a region of civilizations arising between Tigris and Euphrates rivers |
| Alexander the Great | Macedonian conqueror, spreading Greek culture to Middle East, bringing in Hellenistic era around 300 B.C.E. |
| Anthropomorphic | a deity having human form |
| Apollo | Greek Olympian deity representing reason, moderation |
| Aristotle | 384-322 B.C.E. Greek philosopher; emphasized reason, observation, moderation; influenced |
| Aquinas | (Catholic), Averroes (Muslim), and Maimonides (Jewish) |
| Axial, Axis Age | period of great religious and philosophical speculation, 600 B.C.E. - 200 C.E. |
| Chthonic | deities representing powers of the earth (Greek) |
| Cybele | mother goddess from Asia Minor, popular in Rome in the early common era; self-castration ritual |
| Cynics | Greek philosophy offshoot of Socrates; reject all social conventions; asceticism, members were hermits |
| Cyrenaics | Greek philosophy offshoot of Socrates; reject all social convention; pursue pleasure |
| Democritus | 460-370 B.C.E. Greek philosopher; "Atoms are the material from which everything is made"; no afterlife, hedonistic |
| Dionysus | Greek god of wine and ecstatic rites, son of Zeus; his mystery cult involved devouring live animals |
| Divination | attempting to foretell the future through various rituals |
| Eleatics | Greek monistic philosophers who denied the existence of change |
| Eleusinian mysteries | Greek, Hellenistic cult; mother-daughter goddesses; secret initiation rites |
| Epicureanism | Greek philosophy, materialist, hedonist; "We free man from fear of death and religion" |
| Great Mother | fertility goddess prevalent in Hellenistic times |
| Hellenistic | Greek culture in the time after Alexander (300 B.C.E.) |
| Heraclitus | 6-5th century B.C.E. Greek philosopher "All is flame, change"; attacked popular religion as superstition |
| Isis | Egyptian and Hellenistic mother goddess, theistic, answered prayer |
| Mithra, Mitra | Iranian son god who became an important cult among Roman soldiers; secret rituals, bull sacrifice |
| Monism | "all reality is of a single thing" |
| Olympian | ancient Greek pantheon which included anthropomorphic deities such as Zeus |
| Oracle | Greek shrines for divination |
| Orphics | 6th century B.C.E. ancient Greek mystery cult, emphasized afterlife, vegetarianism, asceticism, secret rituals, music |
| Osiris | Egyptian and Hellenistic god; dying and rising, judge of the dead |
| Pantheon | a structured relationship between polytheistic deities |
| Plato | 429-347 B.C.E. Greek philosopher; "The physical world is but a physical manifestation of ideal forms"; dualist, reincarnation, ideal controlled society |
| Pythagorus | 570-500 B.C.E. Greek mathematician and cult leader; reincarnation, vegetarianism, and secret rituals, ascetic |
| Socrates | 470-399 B.C.E. Greek philosopher, executed for allegedly challenging traditional religion |
| Zeus | head deity of thunderbolt in Greek Pantheon; known as Jupiter in Rome; anthropomorphic |
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