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Biology Midterm 3
Unit 3 and half of unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Artificial Selection | Humans altering a species by selectively breeding, etc. |
| Natural Selection | Individuals with the most favorable traits will survive |
| Fossil Record | Order which fossils appear in the layers of sedimentary rock |
| How old are prokaryotes? | 3.5 billion years |
| Population | Same species living in the same area |
| Calculate gene frequency | # occurrences / total # in population |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equation | p^2 + 2pq + q^2; calculates the allele and genotype frequencies for a population |
| Genetic Drift | Chance that certain events will cause allele frequencies to change from one generation to the next |
| Bottleneck Effect | After a natural disaster where most of population is killed off, leaving only a few to survive |
| Founder Effect | When several organisms migrate to a new habitat |
| Gene Flow | Several organisms moving into or out of the area may alter the gene pool |
| Relative Fitness | An individual's contribution to the gene pool of the next generation compared to others |
| Stabilizing Selection | Eliminates the extreme ends of the phenotype and favors the intermediates |
| Directional Selection | A single phenotype extreme is done away with (in cases of environmental changes, etc.) |
| Disruptive Selection | Favors the extreme phenotypes instead of the intermediates |
| Sexual Selection | Individuals with a certain trait are more likely to mate and produce offspring than those without the trait |
| Sexual Dimorphism | Difference in appearance between males and females |
| Intrasexual Selection | Individuals (usually males) compete with each other to win mates |
| Intersexual Selection | Individuals (usually females) pick their mates carefully |
| Balancing Selection | Natural selection maintains the frequency of 2+ alleles in a population |
| Heterozygote Advantage | Type of balancing selection; heterozygotes have greater reproductive success because they pass on two different alleles |
| Frequency-dependent Selection | Type of balancing selection; maintains two different phenotypic forms in a population |
| Habitat Isolation | Prezygotic; similar species live in different habitats |
| Temporal Isolation | Prezygotic; species breed at different times |
| Behavioral Isolation | Prezygotic; species must perform a dance or ritual recognized only by the same species before they can mate |
| Mechanical Isolation | Prezygotic; sex organs are not compatible |
| Gametic Isolation | Prezygotic; gametes of one species are not able to fertilize another species |
| Reduced Hybrid Viability | Postzygotic; many hybrids die before birth or before they reach maturity |
| Reduced Hybrid Fertility | Postzygotic; hybrids can mature but they are sterile |
| Hybrid Breakdown | Postzygotic; first-generation offspring can reproduce but second-generation offspring cannot |
| Allopatric Speciation | Populations are separated by a geographical barrier |
| Sympatric Speciation | A new species can arise in the same area as another population |
| Adaptive Radiation | Evolution of multiple diverse species from a common ancestor |
Created by:
srudol24
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