Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Speech Science
Formant Transitions Overview
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Formants can be classified as | High or Low |
| Formants are High or Low as compared to what? | formants for the neutral vowel 'schwa' |
| What are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd formants for 'schwa' for an adult male talker of average size? | 500 Hz 1500 Hz and 2500 Hz |
| Greater amount of oral cavity constriction = | Smaller oral cavity and a Lower F1 |
| Oral Cavity Constriction (greater) has an inverse relationship to what? | Oral Cavity Size (smaller) and F1 (lower) |
| When tongue is humped (in middle or front of palate) what happens to F1? | F1 gets Lower |
| What happens to F1 when there is a constriction at the teeth or lips? | F1 gets lower |
| When the oral cavity is smaller or shorter what happens to oral cavity constriction? | Oral cavity constriction increases when the oral cavity is smaller or shorter. |
| When there is a constriction at the teeth or lips, what happens to oral cavity constriction? | Oral cavity constriction increases when there is a constriction at the teech, lips, or by tongue being humped in middle or front of palate. |
| What is the F1 for /a/? (as in clock, awkward and raw) | 730 Hz |
| Why is the F1 for /a/ higher than /schwa/? | Because when you produce /a/ there is a huge amount of pharyngeal constriction. |
| What makes the pharyngeal constriction happen during the production of the phoneme /a/? | The position of the mandible. |
| How does pharyngeal constriction relate to F1? | A greater amount of pharyngeal constriction = larger oral cavity = higher F1. |
| Larger Oral Cavity does what to F1? | Higher F1 with larger Oral Cavity. |
| Pharyngeal cavity constriction is created during the production of which vowels? | Back vowels. |
| What are the back vowels? | /u/ (drew) /horseshoe u/ (foot) /o/ (over) /backwards c/ (all, hall) /a/ (awkward, clock, raw) |
| what are the point vowels? | /i/ /u/ and /a/ |
| Which has less pharyngeal constriction, /o/ or /a/ | /o/ |
| /o/ has less pharyngeal constriction than /a/; which then has a higher F1? | /a/ |
| Put these in order of least to greatest pharyngeal constriction: /backwards c/ /o/ /u/ and /a/ where the 'backwards c' is the sound in all and hall | /u/ /o/ /backwards c/ /a/ |
| Back Tongue Constriction does what to F2? | Back tongue constriction lowers F2. |
| The greater the back tongue constriction: | The more F2 is lowered. |
| Back Tongue Constriction has an inverse relationship with what? | the Greater the Back Tongue Constriction = the Lower the F2 |
| Back vowel /u/ has tongue humped toward the back of the palate. Does it have a higher or lower F2 than /schwa/? | /u/ has a lower F2 than /schwa/ because of the back tongue constriction. |
| /o/ is formed with less tongue constriction and also has lip rounding. Is it a back vowel? | Yes. |
| How does /o/ compare to /schwa/ with regard to F2 and why? | /o/ has a higher F2 value than /schwa/ because of back tongue constriction, comparitively. |
| Longer Oral Cavity Length does what to F2? | Longer Oral Cavity Length = Higher F2 |
| F1 is influenced by what three things? | F1 is influenced by tongue constriction, tongue height, and pharyngeal constriction. |
| Greater front tongue constriction does what to F2? | Greater Front Tongue Constriction = Greater F2 |
| The MORE the front tongue constriction = | the EVEN GREATER F2 |
| Put these front vowels in order of least to most tongue constriction: /E/ /i/ /ae/ /e/ | /ae/ /E/ /e/ /i/ |
| In the series /ae/ /E/ /e/ /i/, the front vowels, what happens to F1 and why? | F1 is Decreasing because the amount of constriction is Increasing. |
| In the series /ae/ /E/ /e/ /i/, the front vowels, what happens to F2 and why? | F2 is Increasing because the front tongue constriction is Increasing. |
| Frequencies of ALL formants are lowered by what? | Lip Rounding. |
| Put these vowels in order of most rounded to least rounded: /o/ /a/ /u/ /backwards c/ | Most rounded to least rounded: /u/ /o/ /backwards c = all, hall/ /a awkward clock raw/ |
| Which in this series /o/ /a/ /u/ /backwards c/ has the most lip rounding? | /u/ |
| If you go from Open/Unrounded to Most Constricted/Lip Rounded what happens to formants over this progression? | Formants will lower. |
| /u/ has the most lip rounding of all the back vowels; what does this tell you about it's formants? | /u/ has the lowest overall formants for all the back vowels. |
| More rounding = more constriction = | More rounding = more constriction = lower formants. |
| Put these in order of pharyngeal constriction from /o/ /a/ /backwards c all,hall/ from greatest to least in terms of pharyngeal constriction. | /a/ /backwards c/ /o/ is in order of greatest to least with regard to pharyngeal constriction. |
| As pharyngeal constriction decreases what happens to F1? | As pharyngeal constriction decreases, F1 decreases too. |
| What is the relationship between back tongue constriction and F2? | Back Tongue Constriction and F2 have an inverse relationship; as back tongue constriction increases, F2 decreases. |
| Put these in order of back tongue constriction from least to greatest: /backwards c/ /a/ /o/ | /a/ /backwards c/ /o/ |
| When back tongue constriction increases, what happens to F2? | Back tongue constriction Increases = F2 Decreases. |
| Put these in order of greater to lesser lip rounding: /backwards c/ /a/ /o/ | Lip rounding increases in this series: /a/ /backwards c/ /o/ |
| As lip rounding increases what happens to F2 and F1? | As lip rounding increases, F2 decreases and F1 decreases. |
| Peterson Barney Study had low numbers but results were still considered to be | valid. |
| Spectrograms depict what? | Speech events. |
| Spectrograms are a 3 dimensional plot. What are the 3 dimensions? | x = time, y = frequency and the horizontal bands = energy (the darker the band, the more energy.) |
| Vertical axis on a spectrogram depicts what? | Frequency in Hz |
| Horizontal axis on a spectrogram depicts what? | Time in ms. |
| On a spectrogram that is depicting vowels, what can you look for? | Formants. F1 F2 F3 |
| The formants on a spectrogram show up as what? | Shaded areas which depict energy. |
| F2 for back vowels on a spectrogram depict that the F2 for back vowels is: | The F2 for back vowels is Lower. |
| Vowels are spectrographically characterized by what? | Vowels are spectrographically characterized by the first 3 formants. |
| If you look at the Y axis on a spectrogram, you see that the frequency bands get lighter as you go higher; what does this mean? | Higher frequency = less energy = less shading = less sound |
| As you look at a spectrogram, you see that the frequency bands get darker as you go lower; what does this mean? | Lower frequency = more energy = darker shading = more sound |
| Frequencies that are low: | Low frequencies are stronger and contain a lot of energy. |
| Frequencies that are high: | High frequencies are weaker and contain less energy. |
| Many people with hearing loss have difficulty hearing high or low frequencies? | People with hearing loss are more likely to struggle with high frequency sounds as they are weaker in energy and thus harder to hear. |
| What are dipthongs? | Dipthongs are vowels that CHANGE RESONANCE characteristics during production. |
| Dipthongs undergo what change? | Dipthongs start off as one vowel, but then midway change into another, causing the 2 vowels to be produced as 1 unit. |
| Dipthongs are characterized on a spectrogram by what? | Dipthongs are characterized on a spectrogram by their first 3 formants and the shift in frequency from beginning to end. |
| What is the shift in a Dipthong Spectrogram called? | The shift in a Dipthong spectrogram is called the Formant Transition. |
| What is the Formant Transition? | The formant transition is the shift in a Dipthong spectrogram that shows the transition from the first to the second vowel which are produced as one unit. |
| A spectrogram of a dipthong shows 3 stages; what are they? | A spectrogram of a dipthong shows a Steady-State, a transition, and then another Steady-State at the end. |
| A dipthong changes, it starts off as one vowel and then turns into another somewhere in production. As they do this what else changes? | Resonance characteristics change during the Steady-State, transition, Steady-State of Dipthongs. |
| Why do dipthongs change in resonance production? | Because when a dipthong is being articulated, there are changes in the articulators in the mouth which cause changes in resonance. |
| With a regular vowel, what cues does the brain use to determine the vowel? | F1 and F2 |
| What does the brain use as cues to identify a dipthong? | The brain uses formant transitions to identify a dipthong. |
| The formant transition in a dipthong tells the brain that it isn't one vowel that is being heard, but rather: | 2 sounds tied together to make one sound. |
| Between position one and position two for articulators in a dipthong there is a what? | a Formant Transition |
| The curve in a spectrogram of a dipthong is what? | The curve is the formant transition. |
| If you look at a spectrogram of the dipthong /au/, there is a blank part in the middle; what does it mean? | The blank part on a dipthong spectrogram means that there are no resonant frequencies there that are matching the resonant frequencies of the vocal tract. |
| Liquids look like what on a spectrogram? | Liquids look more smeary, murky. |
| What are the liquids? | /l/ and /r/ |
| The really dark, clear, wide band of low frequency on a liquid spectrogram is what? | F1 is clear, dark and low in frequency on a spectrogram of a liquid. /l/ /r/ |
| Semi vowels are all voiced. What are the voiced semi-vowels? | /l/ /r/ /j/ /w/ |
| Transitions are seen in 2 things: | dipthongs and semi-vowels. |
| Dipthongs and semi vowels provide cricital acoustic cues. Name 2. | Transitions are relatively long. Frequency changes in F2 helps perception. |
| Which has a more rapid transition, a semi vowel or a dipthong? | Semi-vowels have more rapid transitions than dipthongs making them more like consonants. |
| To perceive /l/ and /r/, how many formants must the brain use as accoustic cues? | The brain must use F1, F2 and F3 to identify /l/ and /r/. |
| Why does the brain need to look at F3 to distinguish between /l/ and /r/? | F3 is lower in /r/. |
| What creates formants? | The position of articulators for that production creates formants. |
| Why are liquids are referred to as semi-vowels? | Liquids are called semi-vowels because the are produced with a relatively open vocal tract. |
| Which phonemes are identified as glides? | /j/ and /w/ |
| Glides are characterized by what? | Quick tongue movements, no steady state portion, short duration, and still have formant transitions. |
| How do you know when you are looking at a spectrogram for a glide? | Really murky, still have formant transitions, overall lower formants due to lip rounding, the burst is smeary and appears to come and go. |
| When a nasal is produced, what is the velum doing? | The velum is lowered and the nasal cavity is coupled with the vocal tract during the production of nasal phonemes /m/ /n/ and /ng/ |
| What are antiformants? | Antiformants are evident in the spectrograms of nasals. They are bands of damped acoustic energy. |
| Why do antiformants exist in spectrograms of nasals? | Nasal sounds get damped down by soft tissues. |
| What is the Nasal Formant? | The Nasal Formant is the most intense, lowest frequency sound; it is created by the momentary oral blockage of the lowered velum. |
| When the velum is lowered, the VP Port is: | The VP Port is OPEN when the velum is lowered and the nasal cavity is OPEN. |
| Perception of a nasal sound by the brain requires 2 steps: | Perceive that it is a nasal (nor oral) sound and then identify which nasal sound (which one.) |
| Why does a nasal sound weaken in intensity in the upper formants? | A nasal sound weakens in intensity due to antiresonances. |
| When a vowel is produced after a nasal, the vowel gets what? | The vowel after a nasal often gets nasalized. |
| Antiformant: | The sound goes UP and out the NOSE (soft, damp surface damps sound down and the nasal passage is soft, cilia, mucous, all these damp down nasal sounds.) |
| Describe why a nasal phoneme has a darker band of energy at it's initial production. | Sound hits velum blockage that is hanging down and has to go around it. |
| The Nasal Formant is which formant on a nasal spectrogram? | The Nasal Formant is always the darkest one. |
| Nasals contain a lot of what? | Low frequency energy which is unusual for consonants. |
| Acoustics of vowels are what? | Vowels are Low Frequency, High Intensity |
| Acoustics of consonants are what? | Consonants are High Frequency, Low Intensity |
| Which are harder to understand, consonants or vowels? | Consonants are harder to understand because they are weak in energy. |
| Easier to understand a conversation if you had the consonants, but what you really hear well are: | The vowels are easier to hear than the consonants, but consonants give words meaning. |
| Fricatives have an accoustic trait called: | Frication |
| Frication is what? | A wide band of energy distributed over a broad frequency range, long duration, continuous sound. |
| In a fricative, the initial darker band of energy is caused by what? | Constrictions in the oral cavity cause the initial darker band of energy in fricatives. |
| What are some fricatives? | (frosh vozs = my own thing) (vozs are voiced) |
| Fricatives are caused by what? | Constrictions in the oral cavity. |
| In a spectrogram of a fricative, you can see increased amplitude where? | At the site of a constriction there is increased amplitude in a spectrogram of a fricative. |
| Fricatives are complex aperiodic sounds: | non repeatable, complex, high amplitude (all the way to 7000!) |
| What is a strident? | A strident is a phoneme that is produced by directing the air flow against a surface, such as the back of the teeth, to create noticable friction. |
| What are some stridents? | /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /'sh'/ /'zh'/ /'ch'/ and /j/ |
| Liquids are /l/ and /r/; what characteristic describes them? | Open production (no friction) |
| The only difference between /s/ and /z/ is what? | The VOICE BAR! |
| The voice bar is created by: | The voicing itself. |
| The brain looks for the voice bar and realizes: | which consonant is being produced based upon the auditory cue of 'voice bar.' |
| Sridents have more or less intense acoustic energy? | Stridents have MORE intense acoustic energy. |
| Silent Gap as relates to Stops | relative silence before a release burst |
| Release Burst | a burst of aperiodic sound that follows the silent gap in a stop. |
| Which is longer, Release Bursts for voiceless stops or for voiced stops? | Release Bursts for Voiceless Stops are longer due to aspiration noise. |
| Formant Transitions as relating to stops: | occur from a voiced sound before or after a stop. |
| With a stop, what happens with the vocal tract? | In a stop there is a complete occlusion of the vocal tract. |
| The complete occlusion of the vocal tract is perceived as SILENCE in this kind of stop. | Voiceless Stops. |
| In a voiced stop, there is a brief attenuation of what? | Sound |
| What are the 2 accoustic cues to stop perception? | Relative silence and presence of a release burst. |
| As articulators move from a preceeding vowel to the onset of stop occlusion or from the release of occlusion to a following vowel what happens with formants? | Rapid formant transitions occur due to the sudden changes in the vocal tract shape. |
| Transitions less thatn 40 ms with stops = | are semi-vowels |
| Transitions greater than 150 ms = | vowels |
| Release burst = | aperiodic sound |
| Voiced Stops / Cues: | presence of phonation during the stop portion, presense of noise (aspiration) after stop release, and variation in the VOT and F1 |
| Bursts for voiceless stops are longer or shorter? | Bursts for voiceless stops are longer. |
| What are the voiceless stops? | /p/ /t/ /k/ |
| With voiceless stops you have longer bursts because of what? | Longer bursts are due to aspiration noise; you have more of a release of air and that is the aspiration which gives more of a duration. |
| Coarticulation: | ways 2 or more articulators move at the same time to produce 2 or more phonemes nearly simultaneously. |
| Coarticulators: | move on to a subsequent sound without completely finishing the original sound. Elements of the preceding and subsequent sounds are present in the production of the present sound. |
| Stops have the greatest degree of what? | Breath stream obstruction. |
| Two simultaneous occlusions occur with a stop. What are they? | Closure of VP port as for all oral sounds. Closure of lips or tongue within oral cavity. |
| What are 3 ways that the tongue 'participates' in closure during a stop? | bilabial, lingua-alveolar, or linguapalatal-velar. |
| What are the three phases of Stop Articulation? | 1: Two occlusions 2: Hold or closure (intraoral pressure build-up) 3: Release of pent-up air pressure in oral cavity accompanied by an audible burst of noise. |
| Aperiodic sound produced in the vocal tract is: | Transient, not continuant. |
| Stop stops remain unreleased where two stops occur in sequence. Give an example: | hotdog |
| Stometimes a stop is unreleased when the stop is in which position in a word? | Absolute final position. |
| When does VOT occur (Voice Onset Time) | Voice Onset Time only happens after a stop. |
| What are two examples of linguapalatal-velar phonemes? | /k/ and /g/ |
| What is meant by the term 'transient?' | Means it is here and gone = the difference between /b/ and /buuuuuuuhhhhhh/ |
| In the word hotdog, both stops are: | unreleased. |
| When you produce phonemes in running speech they sound a little different than they do in: | isolation |
| Give three examples of when a stop can be unreleased: | 1: when two stops occur in sequence 2: when a stop is in the absolute final position in a word 3)when a stop is in the end of a sentence. |
| Acoustic cues do not be obscurred with slight: | variation |
| Why does running speech change the articulation of a sound? | In running speech, the articulators still move to create different speech sounds, but they may not directly hit the contact points (targets) head-on. |
| What are four acoustic features of stops? | Silent Gap Noise Burst at the moment of release Rise Time and Fall Time First formant frequency changes as a result of articulation and coarticulation. |
| Coarticulation is the whole 'not hitting directly' thing. Explain this in more detail. | Coarticulation is when you have phonemes produced back to back, producing one sound but already moving into place for the second sound, or hanging back on the last sound. Phonemes around a phoneme influce articulator positions and articulations. |
| What are 3 variables that can influence coarticulation? | 1: phonemes produced back to back 2: hanging back on the prior phoneme 3: phonemes around a phoneme |
| Define Silent Gap | Silent Gap is the result of the 'hold' period or articulation. It has no flow of air out of vocal tract. It is not always actually 'silent.' Occurs at 2 Occlusion Point just prior to Release. |
| When looking at a spectrogram for a voiced stop, what is the lowest frequency energy bar called? | The voice bar. |
| Do voiceless stops have a voice bar? | No. |
| Noise burst occurs when? | At the moment of release of a stop. |
| Which has more intense and conspicuous noise bursts, voiceless or voiced stops? | Noise burst is more intense and conspicuous for voiceless stops. |
| Describe the production of the phoneme /p/ as it relates to acoustic features of stops. | When you produce /p/ that noise generates energy. It has a noticiable release. It is short in duration. The release itself covers a wide frequency range. It is a complex and aperiodic sound. |
| Rise Time and Fall Time are an acoustic feature of what? | Stops. |
| Define Rise Time: | Rise Time is the speed with which the maximum intensity of the acoustic signal is achieved for a syllable initial stop. |
| Define Rise Time more simply: | Rise Time is how long it takes for the /b/ in /bah/ to reach maximum intensity/energy/amplitude/loudness in dB. |
| Define Fall Time: | Fall time is the speed with which the acoustic signal falls to minimum intensity for a syllable-final stop. |
| Define Fall Time more simply: | Fall Time is how long it takes to fall to minimum intensity when the stop is in the syllable final position, ie: /hop/ how long it takes the /p/ to go from the /p/'s peak intensity to its minimum intensity. |
| Rise Time and Fall Time are fast or slow? | Rise Time and Fall Time are really, really fast. |
| Describe Rise Time with the example 'hotdog.' | The rise time is shorter for /d/ in hotdog as the articulators don't have to really move because /t/ is where /d/ is produced. This is also an example of coarticulation. |
| Rise Time and Fall Time relate to 2 variables. What are they? | Time and Energy. |
| What happens to F1 after the release of intial stops? | After the release of initial stops, F1 rises rapidly. |
| What happens to F1 after the completion of the closure for final stops? | After the completion of the closure of final stops, F1 falls rapidly. |
| Why is F1 low in stops? | F1 is low in stops due to the oral cavity occlusion. |
| When the vocal tract is opened after intial stop production, what happens to F1? | After initial stop production, F1 rises. |
| When the vocal tract closes in preparation for final stop production, what happens to F1? | When the vocal tract closes in preparation for final stop production, F1 falls. |
| The degree of rise or fall for F1 depends on what? | The rise or fall of F1 depends on neighboring sounds. |
| What has a greater F1 change, a stop next to /a/ or a stop next to /i/ or /u/? | A stop next to /a/ has a greater F1 change due to the already high F1 value for /a/. |
| The placement of a stop in a word affect what? | The first formant value. |
| As the articulator move, the vocal tract changes size and shape which causes what to change? | Formant values. |
| F1 tends to be low or high in stops? | F1 tends to be low in stops. |
| If you have a lot of occlusion in the oral cavity, you get a relatively (low/high) F1 value? | low F1 |
| More constriction in oral cavity = | Lower F1 |
| Anytime you create an occlusion or blockage in vocal tract, F1 goes (up/down)? | F1 goes down with an occlusion or blockage in vocal tract. |
| Define VOT: | Voice Onset Time is the time between the release of articulatory blockage to the beginning of vocal fold vibration of the following vowel. |
| VOT describes what? | VOT describes the coordination between the laryngeal and articulatory systems. |
| VOT is measured in what units? | Milliseconds (ms) |
| VOT is measured in initial stops with how many categories of values? | VOT is measured in four values categories. |
| VOT in /pot/ | VOT would be the time between the release of /p/ and the onset of vibration for /o/ |
| VOT is an acoustic cue (yes/no) | VOT is an acoustic cue. |
| VOT describes stop to vowel (true/false) | True. |
| Fall time refers to intensity (true/false) | True. |
| With VOT we are talking about TIME PERIOD, measured in ms. What three terms can describe it? | Fast, slow, or simultaneous. |
| If onset of phonation follows stop release, VOT values are (positive/negative) | If onset of phonation follows stop release, VOT values are positive. +75 |
| If VOICING onset PRECEEDS stop release, VOT values are (positive/negative) | If VOICING onset PRECEEDS stop release, VOT values are negative. -75 |
| VOT times are a cue that the brain uses to identify which stop is used (true/false) | True. VOT times are an acoustic cue that the brain uses to identify which stop is used. |
| VOT cues help with what? | Correct identification and perception of sounds and effective communication. |
| Follows: | positive |
| Preceeds: | negative |
| Prevoicing VOT lead = | Negative VOT |
| When VOT measure is negative, what is happening to vocal folds? | When VOT measure is negative, this means that the vocal folds are already vibrating before articulatory release (more common in some foreign languages like Spanish.) |
| In English, are most VOTs positive, negative, or simultaneous? | In English, most VOT measures are at ZERO, which means they are simultaneous. |
| Define Short Lag | Short Lag is when the onset of vocal fold vibration follows shortly after release burst. Voiced stops in English can have Short Lag. |
| What is the range for Short Lag? | 0 - 20 ms. (actually -20 - +20) |
| Define Long Lag: | Long Lag is when vocal fold vibration is delayed for a long time after articulatory release. |
| Long Lag is more common with which kind of stops? | Long lag is more common with voiceless stops. |
| What is the range for Long Lag? | 25 - 100ms (remember, that is milliseconds, so even long happens really fast.) |
| Simultaneous voicing occurs with which stops? | Simultaneous voicing occurs with /b/ /d/ and /g/ when a vowel follows them. |
| Voiceless stops have a (long/short) lag? | Voiceless stops have a long lag. |
| What are the voiceless stops? | /p/ /t/ /k/ |
| Describe the process occuring with voiceless stops as it relates to VOT. | Voiceless stops /p/ /t/ /k/ vocal folds are not vibrating, then for the vowel they START vibrating, so this equals delay. |
| Describe the process occuring with voiced stops as it relates to VOT. | Voiced stops /b/ /d/ /g/ the vocal folds are already vibrating so when the vowel is begun, the folds are already in motion so this equals simultaneous voicing. VOT = zero. |
| Articulatory system is responsible for what? | Blockage or release. |
| Laryngeal system is responsible for what? | Vocal fold vibration. |
| VOT relates to the articulatory system and the laryngeal system working together or not (true/false.) | True - whether or not the articulatory system and the laryngeal system are working together or not affects VOT. |
| Prior to a voiced sound like /b/ what is happening? | For /b/ the lips come together, vocal folds come together, and at release, the folds are still together ready to produce vowel. |
| Prior to a voiced sound like /p/ (voiceless) what is happening? | With /p/ which is voiceless, lips come together for bilabial sound but vocal folds are semi-abducted/abducted; after you release the stop, the vocal folds continue to adduct and they don't close until you release the stop. |
| With a voiced stop, the folds are closed prior to the release of the stop, already adducted and ready to go (true/false.) | True. |
| With /p/ a voiceless stop, the folds are not ready, not in position yet to produce vowel and are slightly open (true/false) | True. |
| Voiceless stops /p/ /t/ /k/ are when the folds aren't ready yet which results in a (positive/negative) VOT? | VOT Long Lag as folds weren't ready yet. |
| Voiced stops /b/ /d/ /g/ are when the folds are already ready and result in a VOT of | Zero. Simultaneous VOT. |
| What are F1 and F2 values for /i/ | F1 = 270 and F2 = 2290 |
| What are the F1 and F2 values for /u/ | F1 = 300 and F2 = 870 |
| What are the F1 and F2 values for /a/ | F1 = 730 and F2 = 1090 |
| 270 Hz and 2290 Hz | are the F1 and F2 values for /i/ |
| 300 Hz and 870 Hz | are the F1 and F2 values for /u/ |
| 730 Hz and 1090 Hz | are the F1 and F2 values for /a/ |
| 640 Hz and 1190 Hz | are the F1 and F2 values for /schwa/ |
| What are the F1 and F2 values for schwa? | 640 Hz and 1190 Hz |
| Fricatives are created by constriction in what? | Fricatives are created by constrictions in the oral cavity. |
| At the site of constrictions in fricatives there is (increased/decreased)amplitude. | At the site of constrictions in fricatives there is increased amplitude. |
| The bands of energy in fricatives are created by what? | The bands of energy in fricatives are created by the actual constrictions. |
| Fricatives are complex, aperiodic sounds, non-repeatable pattern, and complex, containing all the frequencies that are available in the spectrum (true/false.) | True. |
| In comparison to vowels, fricatives have (higher/lower) frequencies? | In comparison to vowels, fricatives have higher frequencies (they go all the way up to 7000 Hz!) |
| Fricatives are the highest intensity sounds (true/false) | True. |
| The voiced fricatives are higher in energy than the voiceless fricatives (true/false) | True. |
Created by:
Lynnzi
Popular Biology sets