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Term Quiz 5
H A& P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Absorptive State | ingested nutrients are entering the blood stream and glucose is readily available for ATP production. a typical meal requires 4 hrs for complete. ~12 hrs each day |
| Postabsorptive State | Absorption of nutrients from the GI tract is complete and E needs must be met by fuels already in the body. occur in late morning, afternoon and most of the night |
| Conduction | the heat exchange that occurs b/w molecules of 2 materials that are in DIRECT CONTACT with each other. ex: you touching a chair or in a tub |
| Convection | transfer of heat by the mvt of fluid b/w areas of different temp. Ex: a breeze or a fan |
| Radiation | the transfer of heat in the form of infrared rays b/w a warmer object and a cooler one w/o physical contact |
| Evaporation | the conversion of a liquid into a vapor. rate is inversely related to relative humidity |
| Preoptic Area | the control center that fcts as the body's thermostat in a group of neurons in the anterior part of the hypothalamus. |
| Hypothermia | it is a lowering of core body temperature to 35C or below. |
| Energy Homeostasis | It is the precise matching of E intake (in food) to energy expenditure over time. |
| Satiety | it is a feeling of fullness accompanied by lack of desire to eat. 2 hypothalamic areas control it (arcuate nucleus and paraventricular nucleus) |
| Leptin | The product of the obese gene is this hormone.It synthesized & secreted by adipocytes in proportion to adiposity; as more triglycerides are stored, more leptin is secreted into blood (synthesized by adipocytes in proportion to their triglyceride content) |
| Minerals | (inorganic elements that constitute about 4% of the total body mass) they are most concentrated in the skeleton cl, Ca, K S, Fe, Zn ect are examples |
| Vitamins | (organic nutrients required in small amounts for normal metabolism) Most function as coenzymes |
| Fat Soluble vitamins | (vitamins A, D, E and K) are absorbed w/ other dietary lipids in the small intestine and packaged into chylomicrons |
| Water Soluble Vitamins | (include several B vitamins and vitamin C) they are dissolved in body fluids. they are excreted in urine |
| Antioxidant vitamins | three vitamins (C, E and beta carotene) are termed this b/c they inactivate oxygen free radicles. they are thought to play a role in protecting against cancer. |
| Pyrogen | When phagocytes ingest certain bacteria, they are stimulated to secrete this, which is a FEVER INDUCING SUBSTANCE |
| Kwashiorkor | a disorder in which protein intake is deficient despite normal caloric intake. Main proteins in corn lack 2 essential aa. many african kids who eat cornmeal suffer from it |
| Marasmus | A type of protein-caloric undernutrition that results from inadequate intake of both protein and calories |
| Nephrology | is the scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology kidneys |
| Urology | the branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive systems. |
| Renal Hilum | near the center of the concave border (which faces the vertebral column), there is an indentation called this, which the ureter emerges from the kidney along with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves |
| Renal Capsule | 3 layers of tissue surround each kidney. the DEEP layer is a smooth transparent sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the outer coat of the ureter. |
| Nephroptosis (floating kidney) | (inferior displacement or dropping of the kidney) it occurs b/c it is not securely held in place by adjacent organs or its covering fat. usually happens in very thin ppl. Urine flow may be blocked. more common in women. |
| Renal Medulla | it is the a deep, dark reddish brown color and is in the inner region of the kidney |
| Renal Pelvis | From the major calyces, urine drains into a single large cavity (this) and then out through the ureter to the urinary bladder. |
| Afferent Arterioles | Interlobular arteries enter the renal cortex and give of branches called this (af = toward) (ferrent = to carry) (carry blood toward) |
| Efferent Arteriole | (carry blood away). The glomerular capillaries then reunite to form this that carries blood out of the glomerulus. (receives blood from glomerular capillaries and divides to form peritubular capillaries) |
| Peritubular capillaries | the efferent arterioles divide to form this, which surround parts of the nephron in the renal cortex. They will reunite to form peritubular venules and then interlobular veins. |
| Renal Corpuscle | This is part of a nephron that will filter blood plasma |
| Collecting Duct | The distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty into a single this. They will unite and converge into several hundred papillary ducts. |
| Papillary Ducts | Collecting ducts will unite to form several hundred of these, which will drain into the minor calyces. |
| Podocytes | (modified squamous epithelial cells with footlike projections involved in filtration). it is the viseral layer of glomerular (Bowman's) capsule |
| Filtration Fraction | The fraction of blood plasma in the afferent arterioles of the kidney that becomes glomerular filtrate is this. (percentage of blood in afferent arterioles that becomes glomerular filtrate) |
| Fenestrations | Glomerular endothelial cells are quite leaky b/c they have large (these) pores. The size permits blood plasma to exit glomerular capillaries but prevent filtration of blood cells and platelets |
| Mesangial Cells | Located among the glomerular capillaries and in the cleft b/w afferent and efferent arterioles are these. These are contractile cells that help regulate glomerular filtration |
| Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) | The amount of filtrate formed in all the renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute is this. In adults, it averages 125 mL/min in males. It is directly related to the pressures that determine net filtration pressure. |
| Angiotensis II | one of 2 hormones that contribute to regulation of GFR. It reduces GFR. It is a very potent vasoconstrictor that narrows both afferent and efferent arterioles and reduces renal blood flow, decreasing GFR. |
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) | cells in the atria of the heat secrete this. Stretching of the atria, as when blood volume increases, stimulates the secretion of this. (increases glomerular capillary surface area by relaxing mesangial cells) Raises GFR |
| Transport Maximum (TM) | (upper limit of antiporters and symporters in nephron tubules) |
| Glucosuria | Occurs when some glucose remains in urine b/c blood conc is above 200 mg/mL, the renal symporters cannot work fast enough to reabsorb all the glucose that enters the glomerular filtrate. Common cause is diabetes mellitus |
| Renin | (released by juxtaglomerular cells in response to decreased stretching of afferent arterioles) this occurs when blood volume and blood pressure decreases, the walls of the afferent arteriols are less stretched juxtaglomerular cells secrete it. |
| Diuretics | they are substances that slow renal reabsorption of water and thereby cause diuresis (an elevated urine flow rate), which in turn reduces blood volume. |
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | it is a test that will provide info about kidney function, which measures the blood nitrogen that is part of the urea resulting from catabolism and deamination of aa. |
| Plasma Creatinine | It is another test that can be used to examine kidney function, which results from the catabolism of creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle. |
| Hemodialysis | it is one method of dialysis, which directly filters the patients blood by removing wastes and excess electrolytes and fluid and then returning the clensed blood to the patient. |
| CAPD (continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) | it can be performed at home. Usually the dialysate (a special solution that removes wastes and adds nutrients) is drained and replenished 4 times a day. the dialysate is in the peritoneal cavity |
| Trigone | the floor of the urinary bladder is a small triangular area called this. 2 posterior corners contain the 2 ureteral openings and the opening into the urethra lies here too |
| Cystoscopy | it is a very important procedure for direct examination of mucosa of the urethra and bladder and prostate in men. |
| Stress Incontinence | Common in women that results from weakness of the deep muscles of the pelvic flood. Any physical stress that increases abdominal pressure will cause leakage of urine |
| Urge incontinence | most common in older people and is characterized by an abrupt and intense urge to pee followed by an involuntary loss of urine. It can be due to irritation of the bladder. |
| Overflow Incontinence | it refers to the involuntary leakage of small amounts of urine by some type of blockage or weak contractions of the musculature of the bladder. ex large prostage. the bladder muscles can no longer contract so the bladder becomes overfilled. pee leaks out |
| Renal Calculi (kidney stones) | the crystals of salts present in urine occasional precipitate into insoluble stones. They are commonly made of calcium oxalate. |
| Glomerulonephritis | it is an inflammation of the kidney that involves the glomeruli. a common causes is an allergic reaction to toxins of streptococcal bacteria that infected other parts of the body. Blood cells will enter the filtrate |
| Nephrotic syndrome | it is a condition characterized by proteinuria (protein in urine) and hyperlipidemia (high blood levels of chlolesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides). |
| Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) | it is one of the most commonly inherited disorders. The kidney tubules become rigid with lots of cysts. |
| Dysuria | painful urination |
| intravenous pyelogram (IVP) | radiograph (xray) of kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder after venous injection of a radiopaque contrast medium |
| Nocturnal Enuresis | Discharge of urine during sleep, results in bed wetting. occurs in about 15% of 5 year old kids. affects 1% of adults. May be genetic. |
| Polyuria | excessive urine formation. occurs in conditions such as diabetes mellitus and glomerulonephritis |
| Uremia | toxic levels of urea in the blood resultinf rom sever malfunction of the kidneys. |
Created by:
rmt18
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