Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio117 CH44
Freeman Vocab Chapter 44: Gas Exchange and Circulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| albumin | A class of large proteins found in plants and animals, particularly in the albumen of eggs and in blood plasma. |
| alveolus | One of the tiny air-filled sacs of a mammalian lung. |
| aorta | In terrestrial vertebrates, the major artery carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart. |
| arteriole | One of the many tiny vessels that carry blood from arteries to capillaries. |
| artery | Any thick-walled blood vessel that carries blood (oxygenated or not) under relatively high pressure away from the heart to organs throughout the body. Compare with vein. |
| atrial natriuretic hormone | An animal hormone that stimulates excretion of salt from the kidneys. |
| atrioventricular (AV) node | A region of the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle where electrical signals from the atrium are slowed briefly before spreading to the ventricle. This delay allows the ventricle to fill with blood before contracting. Compare with sinoatria |
| atrium | A thin-walled chamber of the heart that receives blood from veins and pumps it to a neighboring chamber (the ventricle). |
| baroreceptors | Specialized nerve cells in the walls of the heart and certain major arteries that detect changes in blood pressure and trigger appropriate responses by the brain. |
| blood pressure | See diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure. |
| Bohr shift | The rightward shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve that occurs with decreasing pH. Results in hemoglobin being more likely to release oxygen in the acidic environment of exercising muscle. |
| bronchiole | One of the small tubes in mammalian lungs that carry air from the bronchi to the alveoli. |
| bronchus | In mammals, one of a pair of large tubes that lead from the trachea to each lung. |
| capillary | One of the numerous small, thin-walled blood vessels that permeate all tissues and organs, and allow exchange of gases and other molecules between blood and body cells. |
| capillary bed | A thick network of capillaries. |
| carbonic anhydrase | An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3) from carbon dioxide and water. |
| cardiac cycle | One complete heartbeat cycle, including systole and diastole. |
| circulatory system | The system in animals responsible for moving oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other materials (hormones, nutrients, wastes) around the body. |
| closed circulatory system | A circulatory system in which the circulating fluid (blood) is confined to blood vessels and flows in a continuous circuit. Compare with open circulatory system. |
| cooperative binding | The tendency of the protein subunits of hemoglobin to affect each other's oxygen binding such that each bound oxygen molecule increases the likelihood of further oxygen binding. |
| dead space | Portions of the air passages that are not involved in gas exchange with the blood, such as the trachea and bronchi. |
| diaphragm | An elastic, sheetlike structure. In mammals, the muscular sheet of tissue that separates the chest and abdominal cavities. Contracts and moves downward during inhalation, expanding the chest cavity. |
| diastole | The portion of the heartbeat cycle during which the atria or ventricles of the heart are relaxed. Compare with systole. |
| diastolic blood pressure | The force exerted by blood against artery walls during relaxation of the heart's left ventricle. Compare with systolic blood pressure. |
| elastic | Referring to a structure (e.g., lungs) with the ability to stretch and then spring back to its original shape. |
| electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) | A recording of the electrical activity of the heart, as measured through electrodes on the skin. |
| Fick's Law of diffusion | A mathematical relationship that describes the rates of gas exchange in animal respiratory systems. It states that the rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane into a liquid depends on five parameters: the solubility of the gas, temperature, surface a |
| fight-or-flight response | Any organ in aquatic animals that exchanges gases and other dissolved substances between the blood and the surrounding water. Typically, a filamentous outgrowth of a body surface. |
| gill | Any organ in aquatic animals that exchanges gases and other dissolved substances between the blood and the surrounding water. Typically, a filamentous outgrowth of a body surface. |
| gill filament | In fish, one of the many long, thin structures that extend from gill arches into the water and across which gas exchange occurs. |
| gill lamella | One of hundreds to thousands of sheetlike structures, each containing a capillary bed, that makes up a gill filament. |
| heart | A muscular pump that circulates blood throughout the body. |
| heart murmur | A distinctive sound caused by backflow of blood through a defective heart valve. |
| heme | A small molecule that binds to four polypeptides to form hemoglobin; contains an iron atom that can bind oxygen. |
| hemoglobin | An oxygen-binding protein consisting of four polypeptide subunits, each containing an oxygen-binding heme group. The major oxygen carrier in mammalian blood. |
| hypertension | Abnormally high blood pressure. |
| intercalated disk | A specialized junction between adjacent heart muscle cells that contains gap junctions, allowing electrical signals to pass between the cells. |
| interstitial fluid | The plasma-like fluid found in the region (interstitial space) between cells. |
| lung | Any respiratory organ used for gas exchange between blood and air. |
| lymph | The mixture of fluid and white blood cells that circulates through the ducts and lymph nodes of the lymphatic system in vertebrates. |
| lymphatic system | In vertebrates, a body-wide network of thin-walled ducts (or vessels) and lymph nodes, separate from the circulatory system. Collects excess fluid from body tissues and returns it to the blood; also functions as part of the immune system. |
| negative pressure ventilation | Ventilation of the lungs that is accomplished by “pulling” air into the lungs by expansion of the rib cage. Compare with positive pressure ventilation. |
| open circulatory system | A circulatory system in which the circulating fluid (hemolymph) is not confined to blood vessels. Compare with closed circulatory system. |
| operculum | The stiff flap of tissue that covers the gills of teleost fishes. |
| oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve | The graphical depiction of the percentage of hemoglobin in the blood that will bind to oxygen at various partial pressures of oxygen. |
| pacemaker cell | A specialized cardiac muscle cell in the sinoatrial (SA) node of the vertebrate heart that has an inherent rhythm and can generate an electrical impulse that spreads to other heart cells. |
| partial pressure | The pressure of one particular gas in a mixture; the contribution of that gas to the overall pressure. |
| plasma | The non-cellular portion of blood. |
| positive pressure ventilation | Ventilation of the lungs that is accomplished by “pushing” air into the lungs by positive pressure in the mouth. Compare with negative pressure ventilation. |
| pulmonary artery | A short, thick-walled artery that carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs. |
| pulmonary circulation | The part of the circulatory system that sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. Is separate from the rest of the circulatory system (the systemic circulation) in mammals and birds. Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart. |
| pulmonary vein | A short, thin-walled vein that carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart. |
| red blood cell | A hemoglobin-containing cell that circulates in the blood and delivers oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Also called erythrocyte. |
| respiratory system | The collection of cells, tissues, and organs responsible for gas exchange between an animal and its environment. |
| sinoatrial (SA) node | A cluster of cardiac muscle cells, in the right atrium of the vertebrate heart, that initiates the heartbeat and determines the heart rate. Compare with atrioventricular (AV) node. |
| sphincter | A muscular valve that can close off a tube, as in a blood vessel or a part of the digestive tract. |
| surfactant | A mixture of phospholipids and proteins produced by lung cells that reduces surface tension, allowing the lungs to expand more. |
| systemic circulation | The part of the circulatory system that sends oxygen-rich blood from the lungs out to the rest of the body. Is separate from the pulmonary circulation in mammals and birds. |
| systole | The portion of the heartbeat cycle during which the heart muscles are contracting. Compare with diastole. |
| systolic blood pressure | The force exerted by blood against artery walls during contraction of the heart's left ventricle. Compare with diastolic blood pressure. |
| trachea | (1) In insects, one of the small air-filled tubes that extend throughout the body and function in gas exchange. (2) In terrestrial vertebrates, the airway connecting the larynx to the bronchi. Also called windpipe. |
| valves | In circulatory systems, flaps of tissue that prevent backward flow of blood, particularly in veins and between the chambers of the heart. |
| vein | Any blood vessel that carries blood (oxygenated or not) under relatively low pressure from the tissues toward the heart. Compare with artery. |
| vena cava | A large vein that returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart. |
| ventricle | A thick-walled chamber of the heart that receives blood from an atrium and pumps it to the body or to the lungs. |
| venule | Small veins (blood vessels that return blood to the heart). |
| white blood cell | See leukocytes. |
Created by:
Liwa91
Popular Biology sets