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innate and adaptive1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Is the innate response specific or non specific? | non specific reaction to an antigen |
| What does the nonspecific reaction mean | if there is a disease causing organism in the body no matter what the innate response will attack it |
| What is the first line of defense | skin |
| Mucous membranes lining the walls of our skin in various places seretes what | mucous |
| The secretion of mucous captures what | any particles that happens to be caught in us while breathing |
| Why do you swallow mucous | because it is then destroyed by the stomach acid, thus destroying what it catches |
| How does the bacteria living on your skin help you | it keeps you from being infected from a lot of bad bacteria |
| When you use hand sanitizer, what type of bacteria does it kill | good and bad bacteria |
| Why is it better to expose children to bacteria when they are young | so they build up immunity |
| Where are the worst infections (a place) | hospitals |
| Why hospitals | because infectious bacteria will mutate in order to stay alive in that environment and they are harder to kill |
| What 6 things are part of the second line of defense | phagocytosis, fever, NK cells, inflammation, antimicrobials, and interferon |
| What is phagocytosis | when white blood cells ingest pathogens and destroy them with their lysosomes |
| What is fever | temperature elevation |
| What is fever caused by | the invasion of the bacteria because the body is trying to kill the bacteria since most cannot function in high temperatures |
| If a fever gets too high what can it do | kill your proteins and fry your brain |
| Highest temperature before concern in adults | 104 |
| Highest temperature before concern in children | 105 |
| Is fever localized(infects the area) or systemic(infects the whole system) | What are Natural Killer (NK) cells |
| What do NK cells regulate | our mutated cells and engulf them |
| What disease is a failure of the NK cells defense | cancer |
| Is inflammation localized or systemic | localized |
| Inflammation is the body’s first reaction to ___ | injury |
| How is blood attracted to the injured site in inflammation | chemicals released from the injured cells attract it |
| In inflammation, vessels become very what | permeable |
| Because the vessels are permeable, what surrounds the injured tissues | the neutrophils because they crawl out of the capillaries |
| What is puss | collected white blood cells |
| This fluid causes | swelling |
| How do you get pain from inflammation | the swelling infringes upon nerve fibers |
| What are the 4 symptoms of inflammation | swelling, reddening, warmth, and pain |
| What are antimicrobials | chemicals that cells make in order to destroy pathogens |
| Where are antimicrobials released | in sweat and tears |
| What is interferon | released by an infected cell and coats the surrounding cells so they cannot become infected |
| Is the adaptive response specific or non specific | specific |
| The adaptive response is systemic or localized | systemic |
| How does the adaptive response have a memory | it can remember if you had the specific pathogen before or not |
| The adaptive response had a ___ period | lag |
| The adaptive response is the ___ line of defense | 3rd |
| What are the 2 important types of lymphocytes | B cells and T cells |
| Where do B cells mature | bone marrow |
| Which type of lymphocytes make antibodies | B cells |
| Where do T cells mature | the thymus gland |
| Adults have a __ thymus | small |
| Kids have a ___ thymus | big |
| How do T cells work | they align itself with the cells and attack the virus/microbe bit by bit |
| What is an antigen | a foreign substance with the ability to initiate the immune response/initiate formation of antibodies |
| Antigens are present on the ___ surface | cell |
| What are the antigenic determinitive sites | the receptor sites on the cell surface that the body can recognize |
| What is a complete antigen | an antigen that once it enters the body it can initiate the immune response |
| What is a hapten or incomplete antigen | an antigen that when it enters the body it needs to combine with something to be active |
| What is the major histocompatibility complex | your certain array of cell surfaces |
| Why is the MHC important in organ transplantation | when someone needs a transplant, they look to see if someone else has a compatible MHC for transplant, or else the organ will be rejected in the body |
| What do T cells and B cells recognize | every possible antigen you could come in contact with |
| Why wont all of your lymphocytes be used | because you are only exposed to certain antigens |
| after you have been exposed to an antigen, you build up a what | resisitance to them |
| What is immunocompetence | self tolerance/determining “self” cells as “self” |
| When you are developing as an embryo, the B and T cells recognize your cells that are specific for their cell surfaces, but end up killing | some of those cells |
| What is the humoral immune response | the production of antibodies |
| production of antibodies: certain lymphocytes (B cells) will recognize | specific antigens |
| production of antibodies: after the B cell recognizes the antigen, the B cell | clones and forms 100s of copies |
| production of antibodies: after the B cell clones, what is released | plasma cells |
| production of antibodies: after the plasma cells are released,they can do two things | either make antibodies or become memory cells |
| production of antibodies: the memory cells remember what | the antigens you have come in contact with before |
| production of antibodies: when the memory cells come in contact with an antigen again the immidiately | become plasma cells and make antibodies |
| What is the primary immune response | the first exposure to a particular antigen |
| In primary immune response nothing happens for about how long | 3-5 days |
| What is the secondary immune response | anytime after the first exposure (could be the 2nd time or the 100th time of contact) |
| In secondary immune response there is no ___ period | lag |
| Is there more antibody formation in primary or secondary (explain) | more in secondary because the memory cells kick in quickly |
| What are 2 types of humoral immunity | natural and artificial |
| Natural immunity can be either ___ or ___ | active or passive |
| Natural active immunity how do you create the antibodies | you get exposure by getting sick and building the immunity |
| Natural passive immunity how do you create the antibodies | through immunizations |
| How do immunizations work | you get the antigenic surface through a weakend antigen without making you sick |
| Artificial active immunity happens how | a mother can pass her antibodies to her baby and they can be present in the baby several months after birth |
| Artificial passive immunity happens | through an antibody shot |
| What is an example of an antibody shot | hepatitis shot |
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