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Chapters 10 - 13
These flashcards are from my 9th grade Biology class on Heredity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define heredity | When parents pass characteristics on to their offspring. |
| Define traits | Inherited characteristics. |
| Define genetics | The study of heredity. |
| Define gametes | Male and female sex cells. |
| Define zygote | A fertilized cell. |
| Define pollination | When a male reproductive organ passes on to a female reproductive organ (occurs in plants.) |
| Define hybrid | When an offspring has different forms of a trait. |
| Define alleles | Alternate gene forms. |
| Define dominant | The observed trait. |
| Define recessive | The "disappearing" trait. |
| What is the law of segregation? | That every individual has 2 alleles of each gene and when gametes are produced, each gamete receives one of these alleles. |
| Define phenotype | How an organism looks and behaves (the prominent characteristics.) |
| Define genotype | The allele combination of an organism. |
| Define homozygous | 2 alleles are the same. |
| Define heterozygous | When the 2 alleles are different (one dominant and 1 recessive in most cases.) |
| What is the law of independent assortment? | When genes for 2 different traits are inherited independently of each other. |
| How did Gregor Mendel discover the roles of genetics? | By crossing pea plants. |
| How did Gregor Mendel perform his experiment? | He made a cross by removing the male parts of a flower, and transferring the male pollen grains of another flower and placing them on the female flower with the removed male parts. |
| Define diploid | A cell with 2 kinds of each chromosome. |
| Define haploid | A cell with 1 of each chromosome. |
| What is a homologous chromosome? | 2 chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell. |
| Define meiosis | The part of cell division that produces gametes with 1/2 of the same number of chromosomes in the parents. |
| Define sperm | Male gametes. |
| Define eggs | Female gametes. |
| Define sexual reproduction | When haploid sex cells come together. |
| Define crossing over | When non - sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes break and exchange genetic material. |
| Define genetic recombination | Chromosomes are re-assorted and their genetic information... |
| Define nondisjunction | When homologous chromosomes don't separate properly during meiosis I. |
| Name the stages of meiosis I and II. | Interphase-Prophase I-Metaphase I-Anaphase I-Telophase I-Prophase II-Metaphase II-Anaphase II-Telophase II |
| Define nucleotide | Subunit of a nucleic acid formed form a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitogenous base. |
| Define nitrogenous base | A carbon ring structure that contains 1+ nitrogen atoms. |
| Define double helix | 2 strands twisted together (DNA's shape). |
| Define DNA replication | When DNA in the chromosomes is copied. |
| What does DNA stand for? | Deoxyrobonucleic acid. |
| What is DNA composed of? | A simple sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. |
| What do nucleotides bond to? | They bond to deoxyribose sugars. |
| Define polymer | A large molecule formed from smaller subunits that are bonded together. |
| What does messenger RNA do? | It brings instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplam. |
| What does ribosomal RNA do? | It binds to the mRNA and uses instructions to assemble the amino acids correctly. |
| What does transfer RNA do? | It delivers amino acids to the ribosome so that they can be made into proteins. |
| Define transcription | When enzymes (in the nucleus) make a RNA copy of a strand of DNA. |
| Define translation | When the nitrogenous base sequence in mRNA convert into an amino acid sequence (the amino acids in protein.) |
| Define cancer | Diseases caused by changes in genes (control the cell cycle.) |
| Define mutation | Any change in a DNA sequence. |
| Define point mutation | A change in 1 base pair of DNA. |
| Define frameshift mutation | Shifts all of the codon readings by one base. |
| Define chromosomal mutations | They are more common in pants than animals - they create structure changes in the chromosomes. |
| Define mutagen | Any factor that changes DNA. |
| Why to mutagens in the eggs and sperms affect the offspring? | Because it is given new characteristics. |
| Define trait | Any type of inherited characteristic. |
| Define pedigree | A graphic representation of genetic inheritance. |
| Define carrier | A heterozygous individual. |
| Define fetus | A still developing baby. |
| Can genetic disorders be inherited as dominant alleles? | Yes. |
| Define incomplete dominance | When the allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele. |
| Define codominant alleles | When the phenotypes of 2 homozygous traits become heterozygous. |
| Define multiple alleles | Traits that are controlled by more that 2 alleles. |
| Define sex chromosomes | X & Y male=XY female=XX |
| Define autosomes | 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes |
| Define sex - linked traits | Traits controlled by genes in sex chromosomes. |
| Define polygenic inheritance | The pattern of a trait controlled by 2+ genes. |
| What are some traits affected by? | Internal and external conditions. |
| Define karyotype | A chart of chromosome pairs - they are used to identify unusual chromosome numbers in cells. |
| Define sickle - cell anemia | The red blood cells are misshapen because of the narrow capillaries. They slow blood flow, block small vessels, and result in tissue damage and pain. |
| Define hemophilia | An X linked disorder, and it causes problems with blood clotting (slows down how fast your cut will heal.) |
| Define test crosses | The cross of an individual and unknown genotype with a known genotype. |
| Define genetic engineering | Faster and more reliable methos to increase the frequency of specific alleles. |
| Define recombinant DNA | Connecting, or recombining fragments of DNA from various sources. |
| Define transgenic organisms | They contain forgein DNA. |
| Define plasmid | A small ring of DNA found in a bacterial cell. |
| Define clone | Genetic identical copies. |
| Define human genome | 35,000 - 40,000 genes on the 46 human chromosomes. |
| Define linkage map | A genetic map that shows the relative locations of genes on a chromosome. |
| Define gene therapy | The insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders. |
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yinyang2424
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