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Chapters 10 - 13

These flashcards are from my 9th grade Biology class on Heredity

QuestionAnswer
Define heredity When parents pass characteristics on to their offspring.
Define traits Inherited characteristics.
Define genetics The study of heredity.
Define gametes Male and female sex cells.
Define zygote A fertilized cell.
Define pollination When a male reproductive organ passes on to a female reproductive organ (occurs in plants.)
Define hybrid When an offspring has different forms of a trait.
Define alleles Alternate gene forms.
Define dominant The observed trait.
Define recessive The "disappearing" trait.
What is the law of segregation? That every individual has 2 alleles of each gene and when gametes are produced, each gamete receives one of these alleles.
Define phenotype How an organism looks and behaves (the prominent characteristics.)
Define genotype The allele combination of an organism.
Define homozygous 2 alleles are the same.
Define heterozygous When the 2 alleles are different (one dominant and 1 recessive in most cases.)
What is the law of independent assortment? When genes for 2 different traits are inherited independently of each other.
How did Gregor Mendel discover the roles of genetics? By crossing pea plants.
How did Gregor Mendel perform his experiment? He made a cross by removing the male parts of a flower, and transferring the male pollen grains of another flower and placing them on the female flower with the removed male parts.
Define diploid A cell with 2 kinds of each chromosome.
Define haploid A cell with 1 of each chromosome.
What is a homologous chromosome? 2 chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell.
Define meiosis The part of cell division that produces gametes with 1/2 of the same number of chromosomes in the parents.
Define sperm Male gametes.
Define eggs Female gametes.
Define sexual reproduction When haploid sex cells come together.
Define crossing over When non - sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes break and exchange genetic material.
Define genetic recombination Chromosomes are re-assorted and their genetic information...
Define nondisjunction When homologous chromosomes don't separate properly during meiosis I.
Name the stages of meiosis I and II. Interphase-Prophase I-Metaphase I-Anaphase I-Telophase I-Prophase II-Metaphase II-Anaphase II-Telophase II
Define nucleotide Subunit of a nucleic acid formed form a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitogenous base.
Define nitrogenous base A carbon ring structure that contains 1+ nitrogen atoms.
Define double helix 2 strands twisted together (DNA's shape).
Define DNA replication When DNA in the chromosomes is copied.
What does DNA stand for? Deoxyrobonucleic acid.
What is DNA composed of? A simple sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
What do nucleotides bond to? They bond to deoxyribose sugars.
Define polymer A large molecule formed from smaller subunits that are bonded together.
What does messenger RNA do? It brings instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplam.
What does ribosomal RNA do? It binds to the mRNA and uses instructions to assemble the amino acids correctly.
What does transfer RNA do? It delivers amino acids to the ribosome so that they can be made into proteins.
Define transcription When enzymes (in the nucleus) make a RNA copy of a strand of DNA.
Define translation When the nitrogenous base sequence in mRNA convert into an amino acid sequence (the amino acids in protein.)
Define cancer Diseases caused by changes in genes (control the cell cycle.)
Define mutation Any change in a DNA sequence.
Define point mutation A change in 1 base pair of DNA.
Define frameshift mutation Shifts all of the codon readings by one base.
Define chromosomal mutations They are more common in pants than animals - they create structure changes in the chromosomes.
Define mutagen Any factor that changes DNA.
Why to mutagens in the eggs and sperms affect the offspring? Because it is given new characteristics.
Define trait Any type of inherited characteristic.
Define pedigree A graphic representation of genetic inheritance.
Define carrier A heterozygous individual.
Define fetus A still developing baby.
Can genetic disorders be inherited as dominant alleles? Yes.
Define incomplete dominance When the allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele.
Define codominant alleles When the phenotypes of 2 homozygous traits become heterozygous.
Define multiple alleles Traits that are controlled by more that 2 alleles.
Define sex chromosomes X & Y male=XY female=XX
Define autosomes 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes
Define sex - linked traits Traits controlled by genes in sex chromosomes.
Define polygenic inheritance The pattern of a trait controlled by 2+ genes.
What are some traits affected by? Internal and external conditions.
Define karyotype A chart of chromosome pairs - they are used to identify unusual chromosome numbers in cells.
Define sickle - cell anemia The red blood cells are misshapen because of the narrow capillaries. They slow blood flow, block small vessels, and result in tissue damage and pain.
Define hemophilia An X linked disorder, and it causes problems with blood clotting (slows down how fast your cut will heal.)
Define test crosses The cross of an individual and unknown genotype with a known genotype.
Define genetic engineering Faster and more reliable methos to increase the frequency of specific alleles.
Define recombinant DNA Connecting, or recombining fragments of DNA from various sources.
Define transgenic organisms They contain forgein DNA.
Define plasmid A small ring of DNA found in a bacterial cell.
Define clone Genetic identical copies.
Define human genome 35,000 - 40,000 genes on the 46 human chromosomes.
Define linkage map A genetic map that shows the relative locations of genes on a chromosome.
Define gene therapy The insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders.
Created by: yinyang2424
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