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Test review packet
vocabulary from state science test review packet
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| theory | a broad explanation that has been scientifically tested and supported |
| induced fit | When an enzyme changes shape after substrates bind to active site. |
| active site | Region on an enzyme where the reaction takes place. |
| "lock and key" | When substrates of only a specific shape can bind to an enzyme's active site, they fit like a "lock and key." |
| monosaccharides | simple sugars such as glucose, many make up a polysaccharide |
| polymer | a compound made of several repeating units (monomers) |
| lipid | organic compound insoluble in water, like fats and steroids |
| amino acid | monomers carried by tRNA that form proteins |
| nucleic acid | an organic molecule, DNA or RNA, that stores and carries important information for cell function. |
| enzyme | a catalyst, usually a protein, in living systems |
| Independent Variable | the variable manipulated in an experiment |
| Dependent Variable | responding variable in an experiment |
| constant | factors that are kept the same throughout experiment |
| biodiversity | the number and variety of organisms in a given area during a specific period of time |
| atomic number | number of protons in an atom |
| atomic mass | number of protons plus neutrons in an atom |
| photosynthesis | conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in organic compounds |
| producers | autotrophic organism that captures energy to make organic molecules (i.e. a plant) |
| consumers | heterotroph that obtains energy from organic molecules made by other organisms |
| parasites | an organism that obtains its nutrition at the expense of another |
| decomposers | an organism that obtains nutrients from dead plants and animals |
| omnivores | an animal that eats both plants and animals |
| herbivores | an animal that only eats plants |
| carnivores | an animal that only eats other animals |
| evaporation | a change from liquid water to vapor form |
| precipitation | any kind of water that falls from the sky as weather: rain, snow, sleet, hail |
| condensation | water vapor changes into liquid form (i.e. clouds) |
| trophic levels | a feeding level in an ecosystem |
| natural selection | the process by which organisms with favorable variations reproduce at higher rates that those without such variations |
| renewable resource | any natural resource that can replenish itself over time, such as wood or solar energy |
| fossil fuels | materials that can be burned for energy, such as oil, gas and coal, that are formed from the remains of living things |
| carbohydrates | organic compound present in cells of all living things, a major nutrient |
| succession | predictable, sequential replacement of populations in an ecosystem |
| symbiosis | relationship between different species living in close association with one another |
| sexual | reproduction from combination of genetic material from two parent organisms |
| asexual | one parent reproduction |
| mitosis | division of eukaryotic cells |
| meiosis | process of cell division that reduces number of chromosomes by half, produces gametes (sex cells) |
| gametes | Sex cells (eggs or sperm) that contain half the number of chromosomes |
| mitochondria | organelles that are the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotes (produces energy) |
| nucleus | in a eukaryotic cell, contains DNA |
| ribosome | site of protein synthesis |
| vacuole | fluid-filled organelle that stores enzymes or metabolic wastes in plant cell |
| active transport | movement of substance across cell membrane against concentration gradient; requires energy |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane |
| Golgi apparatus | system of membranes in eukaryotes that modifies proteins for export from the cell |
| chloroplast | site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll |
| tRNA | transfer RNA, type of RNA that carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome |
| mRNA | messenger RNA, type of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, molecule that is an energy source for metabolic processes in cells |
| metabolism | sum of all chemical processes in living things |
| reproduction | production of new offspring |
| homeostasis | stable internal conditions of a living thing |
| prokaryotic cell | single-cell organism that lacks nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| eukaryotic cell | cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| virus | nonliving infectious particle composed of nucleic acid and protein coat |
| chemical energy | energy produced or absorbed by chemical reaction (i.e. energy from food) |
| proteins | chains of polypeptides, formed from amino acids |
| cellular respiration | process by which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds like carbohydrates |
| glucose | a simple sugar (monosaccharide) |
| independent assortment | during meiosis, the random distribution of genes from different chromosomes to gametes |
| nitrogen bases | Adenosine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Uracil (U) - the order of bases stores information in nucleic acids |
| endocytosis | cell surrounds and engulfs substances |
| phagocytosis | type of endocytosis, cell engulfs large particles or whole cells |
| homologous chromosomes | a pair of chromosomes |
| mutation | A change in the DNA |
| gene | A stretch of DNA that codes for a protein |
| sister chromatids | identical strands of chromosome connected by centromere; they separate during mitosis |
| alleles | different versions of a gene |
| crossing-over | exchange of genes by segments of homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
| genotype | combination of alleles |
| phenotype | physical appearance of trait |
| traits | a category such as eye color or height, in which different characters can be observed (i.e. brown or short) |
| autosome | a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| dominant | allele masks the presence of another allele for the same characteristic |
| recessive | allele masked by another allele for the same characteristic |
| nucleotide | monomer of DNA & RNA; made up a nitrogen base, sugar and phosphate group |
| Punnett Square | model used to establish probabilities as the result of a genetic cross |
| replication | making a copy of DNA in the nucleus |
| transcription | mRNA makes a complementary copy of DNA in nucleus |
| translation | tRNAs bring amino acids to ribosome to attach to mRNA and to form proteins |
| autotroph | an organism that uses energy to synthesize organic molecule from inorganic substances |
| heterotroph | an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products |
| ecosystem | all the living and nonliving components of an environment |
| peptide chain | amino acids joined together by covalent bonds, make protein |
| incomplete dominance | phenotypes mix (red x white = pink) |
| multiple alleles | more than 2 versions of one gene (i.e. ABO blood type) |
| codominance | both traits show (i.e. red and white patches) |
| polygenic inheritance | multiple genes contribute to a train (i.e. eye color or height) |
| heterozygous | different alleles in a genotype |
| homozygous | same alleles in a genotype |
| Lamarckian inheritance | the idea that acquired traits are passed down to offspring |
| evolution | all the changes that have formed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today |
| species | groups of organisms of a single type that are capable of producing offspring in natural env't |
| adaptive radiation | evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species |
| punctuated equilibrium | theory that speciation occurs during brief periods of rapid genetic change |
| phospholipid | lipid that has charged "head" and "tails," form a double layer that allows only certain substances to pass through |
| innate | organism is born with trait |
| homology | similarity in position and structure than indicates a common ancestry |
| classical conditioning | Pavlov taught a dog to associate a ringing bell with eating, the dog would begin to salivate automatically when the bell was rung |
| operant learning | form of learning, individual modifies own behavior based on experienced consequences |
| heredity | transmission of traits from parents to offspring |
| extinction | dying out of a species |
| continental drift | Movement of the continents, also called plate tectonics |
| invertebrates | animal without a backbone |
| reproductive barriers | factors that prevent members of a species from breeding with one another |
| geographic isolation | genetic changes that occur within a population when physically separated from rest of population |
| water cycle | continuous movement of water around the Earth, changing from solid to liquid to vapor |
| concentration gradient | particles move from areas with high density of particles to low density of particles |
| diffusion | movement of particles from one place to another |
| carbon cycle | movement of carbon between living things, the atmosophere, the oceans and sediments |
Created by:
batglatt
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