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Nursing 2 Exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of the Glomerulus? | Selective filtration |
| What is the function of the Proximal tubule? | Reabsorption of 80% of electrolytes and water, all glucose and amino acids, HCO3-, and secretion of H+ and creatinine. |
| What is the function of the Loop of Henle? | Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in ascending, absorption of water in decending loop, concentration of filtrate. |
| What is the function of the Distal tubule? | Secretion of K+, H+ ammonia, reabsorption of water, HCO3-, regulation of Ca+ & PO4+, Na+ & K+ |
| What is the function of the collecting duct? | Reabsorption of water (ADH required) |
| What gerontologic changes occur in the kidney? | Reduction of amount of renal tissue, # of nephrons and renal blood vessels; thickened basement membrane of bowman's capsule & glomeruli; reduced function of loop of henle and tubules |
| General manifestations indicating urinary system. | Fatigue, headaches, blurred vision, elevated blood pressure, anorexia, N/V, chills, itching, excessive thurst, change in body weight, cognitive changes. |
| apoptosis is | cellular death |
| In normal cellular diffusion, Endoderm affects what? | Trachea, Lungs, Epithelium, Mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, GI & GU tract |
| In normal cellular diffusion, Mesoderm affects what? | Muscles, Bone, Connective tissue, & fat |
| In normal cellular diffusion, Ectoderm affects what? | Brain, skin, and glands |
| Genes that can be affected by mutation are: | Protooncogenes and Tumor suppressor genes. |
| The function of Protooncogenes is? | Regulate normal cellular process such as promoting groqwth |
| What is the function of Tumor suppressor genes? | Supress tumor growth. |
| Benign neoplasm charistics are: | Well differentiated, usually encapsulated, Expansive mode of growth, similar to parent cell, Metastasis is absent, and rarely recur |
| Malignant neoplasm characteristics are: | Well differentiated to undifferentiated, able to metastasize, Infiltrate and expansive growth, Frequent recurrence, Moderate to marked vascularity, rarely encapsulated,, Less like parent cell |
| Carcinomas oriectodermginate from what? | Ectoderm, Endoderm |
| Sarcomas originate from what? | Mesoderm |
| Lymphomas & Leukemias originate from what? | Hematopoietic system |
| Cancers have two categories which are: | Grade and Stage |
| The grades for cancer are: | 1, 2, 3, and 4 |
| Grade 1 cancer means: | Cells differ slightly from normal cells and are well differentiated. |
| Grade 2 cancer means: | Cells are more abnormal and moderately differentiated. |
| Grade 3 cancer means: | Cells are very abnormal and poorly differenciated. |
| Grade 4 cancer means: | Cells are immature and primitive and undifferentiated. Also the cell of origin is difficult to determine. |
| The stages of cancer are: | 0, 1, 2, 3, & 4 |
| Stage 0 cancer means: | Cancer in situ (one specific location) |
| Stage 1 cancer means: | Tumor limited to tissue of origin; localized tumor growth. |
| Stage 2 cancer means: | Limited local spread |
| Stage 3 cancer means: | Extensive local and regional spread |
| Stage 4 cancer means: | Metastasis |
| What are the 7 warning signs of cancer? | 1.Change in bowel or bladder habits 2.A sore that does not heal 3.Unusual bleeding or discharge 4.Thickening or lump 5.Indegestion or difficulty swallowing 6.Obvious changes in a wart or mole 7. Nagging cough or hoarseness |
| Risk factors for cancer are: | 1. Immunosuppression 2. Advancing age 3. genetic predisposition |
| Common types of cancer are: | Lung, prostate, breast, and colorectal |
| African Americans also have which cancer? | Uterine |
| AsiaReduce intake of animal fat, Avoid nitratesns also have which cancer? | Stomach |
| Dietary modicfication to help minimize the chance of getting cancer: | Reduce intake of animal fat, avoid nitrates in prepared foods, decrease intake of red meats, Increase intake of foods high in Vit A & C, bran, broccoli, caulifloweer, brussel sprouts, & cabbage; limit alcohol. |
| Teletherapy is: | External radiation (Cobalt) |
| Brachytherapy is: | Internal radiation (Cesium, radium, gold) |
| Leukemia common s/s | Ulcerations of mouth and throat; Pneumonia, septisemia; Anemia, fatigue, lethargy, bone and joint pain |
| Leukemia other s/s | Altered leukocyte count (15,000 - 500,000/cubic mm); Bleeding gums, ecchymosis, petchiae, retinal hemorrhage; Weakness, pollor, weight loss, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly; Headache, disorientation, convulsions |
| What are major concerns with an Angiography? | Risk for bleeding. Monitor pulse and blood pressure. |
| What medications do you need to discontinue prior to surgery? & how long prior? | Aspirin, Plavix, Piclix. 10 - 14 days |
| What medication class do you use for a Thyroid Storm? | Beta Adrenergic blockers (lol) |
| For what and when do you administer TPA? | For a stroke and within 3 - 4 hours from the onset of the stroke. |
| What are contraindications of administering TPA. | Hx bleeding, stroke, pregnant, head injury in the past 3 months, major surgery within 2 weeks. |
| What are the primary functions of the brain stem? | Respiratory function and swallowing. |
| What is a side effect of Dylantin & Keppra that the nurse should monitor for? | Gingival Hyperplasia. |
| What medications are given for seizures? | Dylantin & Keppra |
| What is Cushing's triad and what does it indicate? | Increase Blood pressure, decreased pulse, and decreased respiration. Indicates IICP |
| What effect does an increase in temperature by one degree have on the brain? | Decreases metabolic demand of the brain by 10%. |
| What do Statin medications do? | Reduce cholesterol. |
| What is a positive Romberg test? | The pt has difficulty maintaining balance with the eyes closed. |
| How do you want the pt head positioned when they have a stroke? | Midline and with the HOB elevated 30 degrees. |
| What is a Ventriculostomy? | A process to monitor ICP. Shows the blood flow to the brain and helps monitor for adequate flow. |
| What type of medication is IV Mannitol? | Osmotic Diuretic |
| What are the effects of IV Mannitol? | Decreases cerebral edema and decreases ICP. |
| What is the normal pressure of O2 in brain tissue (PbtO2)? | 20 - 40 |
| What is the formula for cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)? | CPP = (Systolic BP + Diastolic BP + ICP)/3 |
| How do you treat cerebral edema? | Administer Lasix, Dextran, or do a flap. |
| Why would you get an increase in blood pressure with a stroke? | It is a protective mechanism to maintain adequate perfusion. |
| What is the goal for blood pressure with a stroke? | < 200 systolically |
| What do you have to be causious of when lowering the blood pressure with a stroke? | You must do it slowly, preventing it from bottoming out. Use beta blocker or Ca channel blocker. |
| What is the concern of hyperglycemia with a stroke? | Glucose draws water towards it and may cause edema. |
| What are the effects of CNS depression? | Urinary retension, Change in BP, Depression, Confusion, drowsiness, lethargy, fatigue, constipation, dry mouth, anorexia, cardiac arrhythmias, loss of libido. |
| What is the theraputic serum levels of Ethotoin? | 15 - 50. Caition with pt with diabetes or severe cardiovascular problems. |
| What is the theraputic serum levels of Phenytoin? | 10 - 20. PO or Parenteral. Increasedtoxicity for pt with hepatic impairment. |
| What is the preferred medication for a pt that had Heart Failure? | ACE Inhibitors (pril) |
| What is the preferred medication for a pt that had an MI? | Beta Adrenergic Blockers (lol) |
Created by:
brian.belson
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