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Biology defintions

Word:Definition:Example:
Tight junction An intercellular junction between epithelial cells in which the outer layers of the cell membranes fuse, reducing the ability of larger molecules and water to pass between the cells. Two membranes join together to form a barrier in which fluids can not pass through.
Gap junction A gap between adjacent cell membranes containing very fine latticelike connections that allow physiologic components to pass directly from cell to cell. Two cells join together so they can pass molecules and ions whenever.
Plasmodesmata a bridge of cytoplasm connecting adjacent cells. This allows transport and communication between the cells.
Extracellular matrix a substance containing collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and fluid, produced by cells and in which the cells are embedded. This gives the cell some support and stability.
Chitin an insoluble, linear polysaccharide forming the principal constituent of arthropod exoskeletons and found in some plants, particularly fungi. Makes up cell walls and exoskeletons.
Selectively permeable membrane the cell membrane wherein it allows passage of only certain types of molecules by diffusion and occasionally by facilitated diffusion. Only a select few molecules are able to pass across a membrane.
Hypertonic Denoting a solution having greater osmotic pressure than the solution with which it is compared. Has a larger concentration than most.
Hypotonic Having a lower osmotic pressure than a reference solution. Has a lower concentration than most.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in. Molecules are internalized and contain proteins with specific receptors.
Isotonic Having equal solute concentration. When all amounts are equal.
Active transport The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins. Transport requiring energy to be carried out.
Passive transport The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane. Transport that does not require energy to be carried out.
Diffusion The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area. Random spreading of particles across a membrane.
Osmosis The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water's ability to move selectively across a membrane.
Plasmolysis A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment. Plasma membrane pulls away due to water loss.
Facilitated diffusion The spontaneous passage of molecules and ions, bound to specific carrier proteins, across a biological membrane down their concentration gradients. Spontaneous passage down a gradient.
Exocytosis The cellular secretion of macromolecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane. When a plasma membrane is fused, it secretes certain macromolecules.
Endocytosis The cellular uptake of macromolecules and particulate substances by localized regions of the plasma membrane that surround the substance and pinch off to form an intracellular vesicle. A cell completely engulfs a molecule.
Phagocytosis A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances. Molecules are engulfed to create a phagocyte.
Chemiosmosis The production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen-ion gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells. ATP created using hydrogen ions.
Cell junctions A specialized site on a cell at which it is attached to another cell or to the extracellular matrix. Where a cell attaches to another.
Anchoring junction Type of cell junction that attaches cells to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix. Where a cell attaches to neighboring cells.
Created by: lauren.h
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