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Immunology
Study Guide - Molecule and Fxn
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Molecule/Cell | Does what? |
| ABC | ATP-Binding Cassette domain on TAP 1, 2, which hydrolyzes ATP for peptide transport in to the ER |
| Acute phase proteins | Angiogenesis in RA. Stimulated by IL-1 and TNF to be released from hepatocytes |
| ADCC | Targeted cell-mediated lysis of ab-tagged cells |
| Adjuvent | Aids in the immunogenicity of a substance that has a desired immune effect |
| AID (Activation-Induce Cytidine Deaminase) | Initiates class switch recombination |
| Alpha beta-TCR | The main TCR type (found on 95% of all T cells) |
| Alpha-fetoprotein | Fetal counterpart and analogous to serum albumin |
| ANA (AntiNuclear Ab) | Screens for autoimmunities (e.g., SLE) |
| Antigen | Stimulates ab production and is presented by MHC to cellular immunity |
| Artemis | Repairs non-homologous end joining double-stranded breaks in DNA during V(D)J Recombination |
| BCR | Transmembrane immunoglobulin of either IgM or IgD class |
| b-microglobulin | A portion of the MHC I molecule located only extracellularly |
| B1 Cells | Ab production; lack memory |
| B2 Cells | Typical ab-producing B cell |
| B7 | Costimulatory molecules found on the surface of activated APC’s that activate naïve T cells |
| B7-1 (AKA “CD80”) | Provides costimulatory interaction with CD28 to provide for partial regulation of negative selection and T cell differentiation and homeostasis |
| B7-2 (AKA “CD86”) | Provides costimulatory interaction with CD28 to provide for partial regulation of negative selection and T cell differentiation and homeostasis |
| c-FLIP (cellular FLICE-like | Required for T cell proliferation and survival |
| Inhibitory Protein) | following TCR stimulation;paradoxically induces Nucleat Factor-kappaB |
| C Reactive Protein | Activates complement |
| Calcineurin | Dephophorylates Transcription Factor of Activated T cells, thereby activating it to perform its function of upregulating IL-2 |
| Calmodulin (“CALcium MODULated protein”) | Binds calcium allowing for effective and functional cellular signaling and responses |
| C1-inhibitor | Serine protease inhibitor; Controls classical and lectin complement pathways by binding to C1r and C1s and dissociates them from C1q |
| C1 (C1qr2s2) | Initiates the classical pathway |
| C1q | Functions as part of the C1 complex of the classical pathway; binds Fc of ab that has bound ag |
| C1r | Serine protease that functions as part of the C1 complex of the classical pathway; cleaves C1s to make it an active protease |
| C1s | Serine protease that functions as part of the C1 complex of the classical pathway; cleaves C4 and C2 |
| C2 | Larger cleavage product (C2a/b) is a serine protease that serves as the active enzyme of C3 and C5 convertases to cleave C3 and C5 |
| C3 | C3b binds to microbial cell surface where it functions as an opsonin; also a component of C3 and C5 converatases |
| C3aC4aC5a | Anaphylatoxins |
| C3bBb | C3 Converatase |
| C5 | C5b initiates assembly of MAC |
| C6 | Component of the MAC; binds to C5b and accepts C7 |
| C7 | Component of the MAC; binds to C5b, 6 and inserts into the lipid membranes |
| C8 | Component of the MAC; binds to C5b, 6, 7 andintiates the binding and polymerization of C9 |
| C9 | Component of the MAC; binds to C5b, 6, 7, 8 and polymerizes to form membrane pores |
| C5 convertase (C3bBb) | Cleaves C5 to generate C5b – the initiating event in the late steps of complement activation |
| CCL 1 | Monocyte recruitment and endothelial cel migration |
| CCL 2 | Mixed leukocyte recruitment |
| CCL 3 | Mixed leukocyte recruitment |
| CCL4 | T cell, DC, monocyte, NK cell recruitment; also HIV co-receptor |
| CCL5 | Mixed leukocyte recruitment |
| CCL7 | Mixed leukocyte recruitment |
| CCL8 | Mixed leukocyte recruitment |
| CCL9/CCL10 | ? |
| CCL11 | Eosinophil, basophil, and TH2 recruitment |
| CCL12 | Mixed leukocyte recruitment |
| CCL13 | Mixed leukocyte recruitment |
| CCL14 | ? |
| CCL15 | Mixed leukocyte recruitment |
| CCL16 | ? |
| CCL17 | T cell and basophil recruitment |
| CCL18 | Lymphocyte and DC homing |
| CCL19 | T cell and DC migration into parafollicular zones of lymph nodes |
| CCL20 | ? |
| CCL21 | T cell and DC migration into parafollicular zones of lymph nodes |
| CCL22 | T cell and basophil recruitment |
| CCL23 | ? |
| CCL24 | Eosinophil, basophil, and TH2 recruitment |
| CCL25 | Astrocyte migration |
| CCL26 | Eosinophil, basophil, and TH2 recruitment |
| CCL27 | Dermal cell migration |
| CCL28 | Dermal cell migration |
| CD1 (a, b, and c) | Presentation of nonpeptide (lipid and glycolipid) ag to T cells |
| CD1d | Presentation of nonpeptide (lipid and glycolipid) ag to T cells |
| CD1e | Presentation of nonpeptide (lipid and glycolipid) ag to T cells |
| CD2 | Adhesion molecule (binds CD58); T cell activation; CTL and NK cell-mediated lysis |
| CD3 (g, e or d) | Cell surface expression of and signal transduction by the TCR |
| CD4 | Signaling and adhesion coreceptor in class II MHC restricted ag-induced T cell activation (binds to MHC II molecules); HIV receptor |
| CD5 | Binds CD72 on B2 cells |
| CD8 | Signaling and adhesion coreceptor in class I MHC restricted ag-induced T cell activation (binds MHC I molecules); thymocyte development |
| CD8 suppressor | |
| CD11a (LFA-1) | Cell-cell adhesion; binds ICAM-1 (CD54), ICAM-2 (CD102), and ICAM-3 (CD50) |
| CD11b | See “CR3” |
| CD11c | See “CR4” |
| CD14 | Binds complex of LPS and the LPS-binding protein ; required for LPS-induced macrophage activation |
| CD16a | Binds Fc portion of IgG; ADCC and phagocytosis |
| CD16b | Binds Fc portion of IgG;provides synergy with FcgRII in immune complex mediated neutrophil activation |
| CD18 | See “CR3” and “CR4” |
| CD21 | See “CR2” |
| CD23 | Low affinity Fce receptor, induced by IL-4;??regulation of IgE synthesis; ??triggering of monocyte cytokine release |
| CD25 | Binds IL-2; subunit of IL-2R |
| CD28 | T cell receptor for costimulator molecules CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2); stimulatory |
| CD34 | Cell-cell adhesion; binds CD62L (L-selectin) |
| CD35 | See “CR1” |
| CD40 | Binds CD154 (CD40 ligand) ; role in T celldependent B cell activation; macrophage, DC, and endothelial cell activation |
| CD43 | Adhesive and anti-adhesive functions |
| CD45 | Tyrosine phosphatase which plays critical role in regulating T and B cell ag receptor-mediated signalling |
| CD49d | Cell surface receptor that binds to CD106 (VCAM-1) on activated endothelial cells and facilitates leukocyte migration and activation |
| CD54 | Cell-cell adhesion;ICAM-1; ligand for CD11aCD18 (LFA-1) and CD11bCD18 Mac-1); receptor for rhinovirus |
| CD58 | Leukocyte adhesion; binds CD2 |
| CD59 | Blocks C9 binding and prevents formation of MAC |
| CD62L (L-selectin) | Cell-to-cell adhsesion; binds CD34 on endothelial cells of the high endothelial venules |
| CD64 | See “Fc gamma R1” |
| CD72 | Binds CD5 on B1 Cells to Allow Cellular Communication and Interaction |
| CD74 | Binds to and directs intracellular sorting of newly synthesized class II MHC molecules |
| CD80 (B7-1) | Costimulator for T cell activation; ligand for CD28 and CD152 (CTLA-4) |
| CD86 (B7-2) | Costimulator for T cell activation; ligand for CD28 and CD152 (CTLA-4) |
| CD95 | See “Fas” |
| CD95L | See “FasL” |
| CD106 (VCAM-1) | Also known as VCAM-1 (“Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule -1); binds to D49d on leukocyte/lymphocyte surface and facilitates homing and migration; only produced after cytokine stimulation |
| CD152 (CTLA-4) | Binds CD80/86 on APC’s and stimulates an inhibitory signal |
| CD154 | Activates B cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells (ligand for CD40) |
| CDR | Short segments that form hypervariable regions on antibodies and TCR that contain most of the sequence differences that allow for ag- specificity |
| CLIP (Class II-associatedInvariant chain Peptide) | Binds to MHC II and keeps peptides from binding until MHC is ready to bind ag |
| Combinatorial Joining | Joining various gene segments of the Ig genome to produce ab diversity |
| CR1 (CD35)“Complement Receptor 1” | Phagocytosis, clearance of immune complexes,promotes dissociation of C3 convertases by acting as cofactor for cleavage of C3b and C4b |
| CR2 (CD21)“Complement Receptor 2” | Coreceptor for B cell activation;trapping of ag ingerminal centers;receptor for EBV |
| CR3 (CD11b /CD18)“Complement Receptor3” | Phagocytosis; leukocyte adhesion to endothelium (via ICAM-1) |
| CR4 (CD11c /CD 18)“Complement Receptor 4” | Phagocytosis; cell adhesion? |
| CSF | Induce the cell lines to differentiate into various leukocytes |
| CTLA-4 | See “CD152” |
| CXCL1 | Neutrophil recruitment |
| CXCL2 | Neutrophil recruitment |
| CXCL3 | Neutrophil recruitment |
| CXCL4 | Platelet aggregation |
| CXCL5 | Neutrophil recruitment |
| CXCL6 | Neutrophil recruitment |
| CXCL7 | Neutrophil recruitment |
| CXCL8 | Neutrophil recruitment |
| CXCL9 | Effector T cell recruitment |
| CXCL10 | Effector T cell recruitment |
| CXCL11 | Effector T cell recruitment |
| CXCL12 | Mixed leukocyte recruitment;HIV coreceptor |
| CXCL13 | B cell migration into follicles |
| CXCL14 | ? |
| CXCL16 | ? |
| DAF (Decay Accelerating | Interacts with C4b2b and C3bBb to displace C2b |
| Factor) | from C4b and Bb from C3b (i.e., dissociation of C3 converatses) |
| Dendritic cell | APC that connects innate and adaptive systemby communicating with lymphocytes |
| Eosinophils | 1 – 6% of leukocytes capable of degranulationassociated with allergy, asthma, and helminth infection |
| Epitopes | The portion of the macromolecular ag that is recognized by the immune system |
| Factor B | Serine protease that is the active enzyme of C3 and C5 convertases |
| Factor D | Plasma serine protease that cleaves Factor B when it is bound to C3b |
| Factor P (Properdin) | Stabilizes C3b converatases (C3bBb) on microbial surfaces |
| Fas (CD95) | Binds FasL and initiates apoptosis. |
| FasL (APO-1 or APOL) | Trimerizes with Fas Receptor and induces apoptosis |
| Fc | Crystallizable portion of the ab molecule; mediates effector functions by binding to cell surface receptors or C1q |
| Fc-epsilon I receptor | High affinity receptor on IgE molecule that mediates molecular events associated with the allergic response and IgE functions |
| Fc-epsilon II receptor | Low affinity receptor on IgE molecule that mediates molecular events associated with the allergic response and IgE functions |
| Fc-gamma receptor (CD64) | Receptor for IgG |
| FDC (Follicular Dendritic Cell) | Express complement receptors , CD40L, and Fc receptors; act as APC’s; provide a major structural/architectural feature of the lymphoid follicles; capable of inducing class switching |
| Fyn | Member of Src family of tyrosine protein kinases that allows for target protein phosphorylation via phsophotransferase |
| Gamma/delta cell (gd TCR) | Account for 5% of T cells; active at mucosal surfaces (epithelial barriers) |
| G-CSF (Granulocyte – Colony Stimulating Factor) | Cytokine that acts on the bone marrow to stimulate and mobilize neutrophils in an effort to replace those consumed in the inflammation reaction |
| GM-CSF (Granulocyte-Monocyte- Colony Stimulating Factor) | Cytokine that acts on the bone marrow to stimulate the production of neutrophils and monocytes. Also a macrophage activating factor stimulating the maturation of Langerhans Cells àDC’s |
| Gram (+) | Results from a high peptidoglycan content |
| Gram (-) | Results from a low peptidoglycan content |
| Hairpin loop | A loop structure that forms from a single-stranded nucleic acid folding back on itself |
| HLA-B27 | Presents self and nonself antigenic peptides to T cells (MHC I molecule) |
| HLA-B35 | Human Leukocyte Antigenic Serotype of MHC I |
| HLA-B57 | Human Leukocyte Antigenic Serotype of MHC I |
| IFN (Types I and II) | Induced at an early stage of viral infection, released into surrounding medium, attach to target cells, and induce transcription of approximately 30 genes which confer an antiviral state on non-infected cells |
| IFN-alpha | Not a normal cellular product, is produced when a WBC is infected by a virus – acts as a cytokine to protect nearby cells; production can also be induced by LPS. |
| IFN-beta | Not a normal cellular product, is produced when a fibroblast is infected by a virus – acts as a cytokine to protect nearby cells; production can also be induced by LPS. |
| IFN-gamma | Produced in response to ag (not only viral ag); acts on macrophages to activate microbicidal functions; acts on B cells to induce class switching; acts on T cells to induce TH1 differentiation; acts on APC’s and various cells to upregulate MHC I and II. |
| IgA | Secretion into the lumens of the GI and respiratory tracts; binds mucus increasing its ability to trap microbes; stimulates alternative complement pathway |
| IgD | Exists as the ag-receptor of naïve B cells (BCR) |
| IgE | Stimulates mast cell degranulation during immediate hypersensitivity reactions; binds eosinophils in response to parasitic infections |
| IgG | Opsonization of ag for phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils; ADCC mediation by NK cells; transplacental neonatal immunity; feedback inhibition of B cell activation; activation of the classical complement pathway |
| IgM | Activates the classical complement pathway; serves as the BCR ag-receptor of naïve B cells |
| Ig-a and b | Proteins required for surface expression and signaling functions |
| Interleukin (IL) | Interleukin was originally another name for a cytokine made by a leukocyte that acts on another leukocyte; now used with a numerical suffix (see below) to designate a structurally defined cytokine irregardless of its source or target |
| Il-1 | Principally mediates host inflammatory reactions in innate immunity; inducing upregulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules; stimulation of chemokine production by endothelial cells and macrophages; stimulation of synthesis of acute phase reactants |
| IL-1Ra (Interleukin-1 | Structural analog to IL-1 that is a natural |
| Recepto antagonist) | inhibitor of IL-1; binds to IL-1 receptors but is biologically inactive |
| IL-2 | Acts with autocrine function to stimulate T cell proliferation; potentiates apoptotic cell death of ag-activated T cells |
| IL-3 | Promotes the expansion of immature bone marrow predators of all known mature blood cell types (AKA: “multilineage – CSF”) |
| IL-4 | Induction of differentiation of TH2 cells from naïve CD4 precursors; stimulation of IgE production by B cells; suppression of IFN-g- dependent macrophage functions |
| IL-5 | Stimulates the growth and differentiation of eosinophils and activates mature eosinophils |
| IL-6 | Functions in both innate and adaptive immunity; stimulates the synthesis of acute- phase proteins by the liver; stimulates of the growth of plasma cells |
| IL-7 | Stimulates the survival and expansion of immature (but lineage committed) lymphocytes |
| IL-10 | Inhibition of activated macrophages;maintenance of homeostasis of innate and cell- mediated immunity |
| IL-12 | Mediates the innate immune response to intracellular microbes as the key inducer of the cell-mediated immune responses to these microbes. |
| IL-12 continued | Activates NK cells; promotes IFN-g production by NK cells and T cells; enhances cytolytic activity of NK cells and CTL’s; promotes the development of TH1 cells. |
| IL-15 | Stimulates the proliferation of NK cells (structurally similar to IL-2) |
| IL-17 | Structurally-related proinflammatory cytokines:some are capable of causing tissue damage in autoimmune disease, and others protect against bacterial infections |
| IL-18 | Produced in response to LPS and other microbial products that functions with IL-12 as an inducer of cell-mediated immunity |
| Immunoglobulin | Synonym for “antibody” |
| Innate | Immune protection that relies on mechanisms that exist before infection, nonspecific and rapid |
| iNOS (inducible Nitric | Cytosolic enzyme not found in resting |
| Oxide Synthetase) | macrophages; responsible for the production/release of NO |
| Invariant chain | Nonpolymorphic protein that binds to newly synthesized MHC II molecules preventing the binding of proteins found in the ER; also assists in the folding and directing of the MHC II molecules to the endosomal compartment |
| Isotype | One of 5 types of antibodies determined by which of the 5 types of heavy chains are present; each isotype has a specialized effector function |
| JAK/STAT signaling pathway | A signaling pathway initiated by cytokine binding to type I and II cytokine receptors; |
| Junctional Diversity | Confers diversity upon an ab or TCR molecule by random addition or removal of nucleotide sequences at junctions between the V, D, and J segments |
| JAK/STAT signaling pathway continued | the pathway sequentially involves activation of receptor associated Janus Kinase (JAK), phosphorylation processes, docking of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs), and ultimately the transcriptional activation of genes. |
| Kinase (AKA “phosphotransferase”) | Phosphorylates molecules |
| Large granular lymphocyte | Another name for an NK cell based on its morphologic appearance in the blood |
| Leukotriene | Class of arachidonic acid-derived lipid inflammatory mediators produced by the lipoxygenase pathway in many cell types |
| LFA-1 (Leukocyte Function Associated Antigen 1) (CD11a) | See “CD11a” |
| Lipid A | The immune stimulator of the Gram (-) LPS; anchors the LPS to the bacterial cell membrane |
| LPS (Endotoxin) | The lipopolysaccharide of Gram (-) bacteria that is composed of the “o” ag, inner core, and Lipid A and functions to stabilize the bacterial membrane; binds CD14-TLR4-MD2 receptor complex; is an exogenous pyrogen |
| LMP-2 and LMP-7 | Both are encoded by genes in the MHC; upregulated by IFN-g |
| LT (Lymphotoxin, TNF-b) | Cytokine that is homologous to and binds to the same receptors as TNF; like TNF, LT has proinflammatory effects, including neutrophil and endothelial cell activation; critical for lymphoid organ development |
| M cells | Specialized epithelial cells overlying Peyer’s patches and involved in delivering ag to Peyer’s patches |
| Macrophage | Phagocytic cell derived from blood monocytes that are activated by microbial products (e.g., LPS) and by T cell cytokine (e.g., IFN-g). When activated, they phagocytose and kill microbes, secrete proinflammatory cytokines, and act as APC’s |
| MALT | Diffuse lymphoid tissue found throughout different anatomical locations are classified by the region of occupancy (GALT, LALT, VALT, erc.); functions to respond to antigens encountered in those areas as a first line of immunological defense |
| Mannose | Monosaccharide found on the cell surfaces of pathogens, but absent on human cell surfaces; responded to immunologically; can polymerize into the polysaccharide “mannan” |
| Mannan Binding Lectin | Similar to the classical pathway of complement |
| (or Mannose Binding Lectin) | resulting in the formation of complement components; not an antibody dependent pathway |
| Mast cell | Become activated when presented with IgE that has bound antigen (specifically an allergen) at which time degranulation occurs releasing allergic mediators such as histamine, leukotriene, and prostaglandins |
| MAP Kinase (“Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase”) | Respond to stimuli (cytokines, mitogens, etc,) and are upregulated to initiate a serine and threonine specific phosphorylation event (cascade) that ultimately affects transcriptional factors on the nuclear level and hence cell activivites |
| Mitogen | Induces cell division (“MITOsis GENerator”)in cells; lymphocytes are particularly susceptible and responsive to mitogenic effects |
| MHC-I | Loads and presents intracellular proteins |
| MHC-II | Loads and presents endocytosed proteins |
| NKT cells | “Hybrid” of NK cells and CD4 or double (-) T cells; possess cell surface receptors and characteristics of both cell type; thought to play an immune regulatory role, particularly in the control of autoimmune disorders |
| N-Region Diversity (N nucleotides) | Nontemplated nucleotide gene regions at the V(D)J junctions that allow for increased diversity of immunoglobulin and TCR structures |
| NADPH oxidase | Found in the phagosome membrane where it functions to transfer electrons during the respiratory burst across the membrane thereby creating a reactive oxygen free radical (superoxide) that is antimicrobial |
| NFAT (Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells) | Ubiquitous transcription factor that binds DNA (after associating with other proteins) and stimuilates cell-to-cell interactions |
| NFKB (“Nuclear Factor kappa B”) | In immunology, is upregulated by BCR/TCR binding of cognate antigen which then stimulates (continued) |
| NFKB (“Nuclear Factor kappa B”) continued | a cascade of intracellular phosphorylation events that after upregulation allows NFKB to transcriptionally-induce the differentiation, maturation, and proliferation of T cells |
| NK Cell | Cytotoxic lymphocytes that can lyse a wide variety of target cells (those that are virally infected, or tumor cells); can also produce cytokines |
| Papain | Capable of inactivating an immunoglobulin bydigesting it into 3 fragments (2 Fab and 1 Fc) |
| Pepsin | Capable of inactivating an immunoglobulin by digesting the Fab portion from the Fc portion allowing for 2 fragments to be produced |
| Plasma cell | Terminally-differentiated B cell; antibody- producer |
| Properdin (Factor P) | Stabilizes C3b converatases (C3bBb) on microbial surfaces |
| Proteasome | Proteolytically digests tagged proteins |
| RAG 1 and 2 | Regulates the genetic diversity of antibodies and the TCR molecule on the germline level |
| Rheumatoid Factor | A type of autoantibody |
| Somatic Hypermutation | Allows for increased diversity of antigenic immunologic response by introducing single base substitutions |
| Superantigen | Superactivates T cells in a polyclonal and unregulated, nonspecific manner |
| Superoxide radical | Forms when oxygen takes up an electron; formsat the membrane level under the action ofNADPH oxidase; antimicrobial activity |
| TAP1,2 | Translocates short antigenic peptides that have been processed/produced by the proteasome to the ER where they can be loaded onto MHC I molecules for surface presentation to T cells |
| TCR | Analogous to the serum, free-floating antibody molecule, this receptor binds the T cells cognate antigen |
| TGF-b | Initiator of cell signaling pathways via phosphorylation events and ultimately upregulation |
| TGF-b continued | of transcription factors for a target gene; in immunology, involved in regulatory T cell responses and thought to block the activation of phagocyte-derived lymphocytes and monocytes |
| TH0 | A naïve CD4+T cell (i.e., has not met its cognate antigen) that has been appropriately educated, but not activated |
| TH1 | Functional subset of CD4+ helper T cells that secrete a particular set of cytokines (including and specifically IFN-g); their principal function is to stimulate phagocyte-mediated defense against microbes (particularly intracellular microbes) |
| TH2 | Functional subset of CD4+ helper T cells that secrete a particular set of inflammatory cytokines (including and specifically IL-4 and IL-5); |
| TH2 continued | their principal function is to stimulate IgE and eosinophil/mast cell-mediated reactions and to downregulate TH1 responses. |
| TH3 | Functional subset of CD4+ helper T cells that secrete a particular set of cytokines (including and specifically TGF-b and IL-10); function to responds to nonpathogenic foreign antigens |
| TH17 | Functional subset of CD4+ helper T cells that secrete a particular set of inflammatory cytokines (including and specifically IL-17) which are protective against certain bacterial infections and mediates pathogenic responses in autoimmune diseases |
| TLR (Toll-Like Receptors) | Respond to Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) such as LPS and generate signals that lead to the activation of innate immune responses |
| TNF-a (part 1 of 1) | Stimulates all of the following: the recruitment of neutrophils/monocytes to sites of infection and activates them to eradicate microbes;vascular endothelial cells to express new adhesion molecules; |
| TNF-a (continued part 2 of 3) | induces macrophages and endothelial cells to secrete chemokines; apoptosis in target cells. |
| TNF-a (continued part 3 of 3) | Can induce fever and production of acute-phase proteins during severe infections and if produced in large enough amount, can induce intravascular thrombosis and shock. |
| TNF-b | See “Lymphotoxin” |
| VCAM-1 (Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule – 1) | See “CD 106” |
| VLA-4 (Very Late Antigen) | See “CD49d” |
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