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Biomed 17 &18
Blood and Heart Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biomed | Chapter 17 and 18 |
| Thrombocytes | platelets |
| Plasma | fluid portion of the blood |
| Whole blood volume | 8% of total body weight |
| Formed elements | blood cells normally found in blood |
| Blood has a high | specific heat which makes it able to transfer heat very well |
| Direct measurement of blood | total blood volume, complete removal of blood |
| Indirect measurement of blood | tagging red blood cells with radio isotopes and then calculating the concentration |
| Normal blood volume can be influenced by | the amount of body fat, the less fat there is, the more blood per kilogram of body weight, women have a higher body fat content, so have less blood than men |
| Formed elements of blood | red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes) |
| Hematocrit | packed cell volume, volume percent of red blood cells in whole blood |
| Anemia | cause a lower hematocrit value |
| Altitudes on hematocrit values | cause a higher value |
| Physiological polycythemia | people in high altitudes have an elevated hematocrit value |
| Buffy coat | when the blood is spun down, the layer that’s white of leukocytes and platelets between RBC and plasma |
| Erythrocytes | no ribosomes, mitochondria or other organelles, only hemoglobin |
| Hemoglobin takes up | 1/3 of the volume of an RBC |
| The doughnut shape of the RBC is important because | it has a large surface are to its volume, so it makes it very flexible |
| Spectrin | the protein that makes up the stretchable fibers in RBCs that allows them to be flexible |
| Most numerous formed elements | RBC |
| Carbonic anhydrase | enzyme in RBC which catalyzes a reaction that joins CO2 and water to form carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate ions which maintain pH level |
| Molecules of hemoglobin in 1 red blood cell | 200-300 |
| Globin | a protein chain in hemoglobin, there are 4, bound to a red pigment called heme |
| Heme | red pigmented molecule which binds to globin, contain 1 iron atom |
| 1 hemoglobin molecule contains _____ iron atom | 4, so it can bind to 4 oxygen atoms |
| When hemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide it forms; carbaminohemoglobin | |
| Man has more ______ than woman | blood and hemoglobin |
| ____ can cause an increase in RBC production | restosterone |
| Erythropoisis | RBC formation, begin in red bone marrow from nucleated cells called hematopoietic stem cells |
| Hematopoietic stem cells | adult stem cells which form blood |
| Steps in formation of a RBC | hemocytoblast to proerythroblast to basophilic erythroblast to polychromatic erythroblast to reticulocyte to erythrocytes |
| Proerythroblasts | first step in RBC production |
| Basophilic erythroblasts | second step in RBC production |
| Polychromatic erythroblasts | produce hemoglobin, 3rd step in RBC production |
| Reticulocytes | lose nucleus, 4th step in RBC production, when in blood stream lose their reticulum and become erythrocytes |
| Erythropoietin | glycoprotein hormone that increases RBC production when there is an oxygen deficiency released from the liver |
| Destruction of RBC | fragment in capillaries as they age, macrophages break them down, hemoglobin’s iron is returned to bone marrow and bilirubin is transported to liver to be bile, globin used as energy |
| Extrinsic factors | things the body needs to eat to make RBCs such as vitamin B12, amino acids, iron, copper and cobalt, can’t be synthesized by the body |
| Antianemic principle | vitamin B 12 |
| Granulocytes | large granules in cytoplasm, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| Agranulocytes | no granules, lymphocytes and monocytes |
| Neutrophil function | cellular defense, phagocytosis of small pathogenic microorganisms |
| Neutrophil identification | 12-15 micro m in diameter, multilobed nucleus, small purple staining granules, 65% of WBC |
| Polymorphonuclear leukocyte | have many lobes in nuclei |
| Diapedesis | when white blood cells migrate out of blood and enter tissue spaces,neutrophils |
| Positive chemotaxis | damaged cells release chemical that attract neutrophils and other phagocitic WBC to infected area |
| Eosinophil identification | 10-12 um, 2 lobed nucleus, red staining cytoplasmic granules, 5% WBC |
| Eosinophil function | phagocytosis of large pathogenic microorganism like parasites, releases anti-inflammatory substances in allergic reactions |
| Basophil identification | 10-14 um, 2 lobed nucleus, large purple staining cytoplasmic granules, 1% of WBC |
| Basophil function | secretes heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (inflammatory response), capable of diapedesis |
| Lymphocyte identification | 6-9 um, smallest, single lobed nucleus, almost no cytoplasm, 25% |
| T lymphocytes | directly attack infected cancer cells |
| B lymphocytes | produce antibodies against specific antigens |
| Lymphocyte function | humoral defense, secretes antibodies, involved in immune system response and regulation |
| Monocyte identification | 12-17 um nucleus like kidney bean, lots of cytoplasm, looks blue, shape has convoluted surface |
| Monocyte function | can enter tissue spaces as a macrophage, aggressive phagocytic cell which can ingest bacteria, cellular debris, and cancerous cells |
| Differential white blood cell count | percentage count of white blood cells |
| Leukopenia | decrease in the number of WBC |
| Leukocytosis | increase in the number of WBC |
| Creation of WBC | neutorphils, eosinophils, basophils and lymphocytes and monocytes originate in red bone marrow from hemopoietic stem cells. Most mono lymphocytes come from hemopoietic adult stem cells in lymphatic tissue |
| Platelets | 2-4um, newborns show reduces counts but they rise gradually, no difference between males and females |
| 2 properties of platelets | agglutination, adhesiveness, aggregation |
| Function of platelets | coagulation and hemostasis (stopping of blood flow) |
| Hemostasis | a platelet plug is formed following a vascular spasms, when the platelets encounter the damaged capillary they turn to sticky platelets and bind to underlying tissues, secrete stuff |
| Sticky platelets secrete | ADP, thromboxane, and fatty acid which help coagulate |
| Formation of platelets | in red bone marrow, lungs, and in spleen by fragmenting megakaryocytes |
| Agglutinins | antibodies dissolved in plasma that react with specific blood group antigens or agglutinogens |
| Transfusion reaction | agglutination of the donor and recipient blood |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis | a mother’s Rh antibodies react with the baby’s Rh positive cells |
| Blood plasma; liquid part of the blood, 90% water, 10% solutes which are crystalloids and colloids, can have electrolytes (ionize in solution) or nonelectolytes (glucose and lipids) | |
| Proteins in blood plasma are made from | albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen which is a clotting protein |
| Four components critical to coagulation | prothrombin, thrombin, fibrionogen, fibrin |
| Practice clotting pathway | ----- |
| Basic coagulation cascade | tissue factor/factor 3 causes release of prothrombin, prothrombin releases thrombin, which causes fibrinogen to rlease fibrin, which causes the red blood cells to all stick together, requires calcium as a cofactor |
| Blood serum | pale yellowish liquid left after clot forms, need vitamin K to have liver re synthesize prothrombin, if not you jaundice |
| Conditions that oppose clotting | platelets can’t attach to the smooth undamaged endothelial lining, blood has antithrombins which inactivate thrombin, heparin is an antithrombin (liver), citrates prevent clotting |
| Conditions that hasten clotting | rough spot on endothelium, and really slow blood flow |
| Clot dissolution | fibrinolysis dissolves the clot |
| Anemia | inability for blood to carry sufficient oxygen tot eh body cells, inadequate amount of RBC or hemoglobin |
| Polycythemia | bone marrow produces an excess fRBC, blood becomes too thick |
| Aplastic anemia | low RBC count |
| Pernicious anemia | deficiency of B vitamins used to form RBC sin blood marrow, stomach lining doesn’t prduce intrinisic facto which allows b 12 to be absorbed |
| Folate-deficiency anemia | decrease in RBC count because o ffolic acid deficiency |
| Iron-deficiency anemia | body can’t manufacture enough hemoglobin |
| Thalassemia | inherited disorder like cicle cell anemia |
| Thrombus | when a clot stays int eh place where it is formed |
| Thrombosis | creatoion of clots |
| Embolus; a clot in the blood stream, you have an embolism | |
| Hemophilia | X linked |
| Thrombocytopenia | decrease in platelet count |
| The heart can be found in the | mediastinum, behind sternum and 2nd -6th ribs, 2/3 of mass is to the left of the midline |
| Apex | blunt point at the bottom of the heart |
| Heart changes with somatotype | tall skinny people have tall skinny hearts, short squat people have shorter squatter hearts |
| Pericardium | covering of the heart, a fibrous portion and a serous peortion, mad eof tough white fibrous tissue, but lined with moist serous membrane (parietal layer) |
| Epicardium | visceral layer, serous membrane on outside of heart |
| Pericardial space | space between the visceral layer adhering to the heart and the parietal layer to pericardium, has lubricating fluid called pericardial fluid |
| Epicardium | outer layer of heart wall, visceral layer of serous pericardium, same structure, 2 names |
| Myocardium | muscle cells joined by intercalated disks, function as a unit called a syncytium, causes the heart to beat |
| The heart muscls are autorhythmic | they can contract on their own ina slow steady rhythm, do not fatigue |
| Endocardium | lining of the interior of the myocardial wall, endothelial tissue, membranous, has beamlike projectiosn called trabeculae |
| Chambers of the heart | upper two are atria, lower two are ventricles, left and right separated by the septum |
| Atria | recieiving chambers, receive blood from veins, has an earlike projection called an auricle which is part of the atrium |
| Ventricles | lower chambes of the heart, receive blood from the atria and pump the blood out inot the arteries, considered the pumping chambers, thicker myocardium |
| Atrioventricular valves | valves between the atria an dventricles, cuspid valves |
| Semilunar valves | located wher the pulmonary artery and the aorta arise from the ventricles |
| Skeleton of the heart | the fibrous structures, electrical barrier between myocardium of atria and myocardium of ventricles |
| Flow of blood from heart to lungs | from superior and inferior vena cava into right atrium, thorugh tricuspid valve to right ventricle, through pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary artery, then to the lungs. From lungs through pulmonary veins to left atrium |
| Flow of blood from lungs to body | from pulmonary veisn to left atrium, through mitral valve to left ventricles, from left ventricle into aortic semilunar valve into the aorta into the body |
| Coronary arteriaes | 2, how the myocardial cells receive blood, each have two main branches |
| Ventricles receive blood supply from | branches of the right and left coronary arteries |
| Atrium receive blood from | a small branch on their corresponding coronary artery |
| The most blood supply from coronary arteries goes to | left ventricle |
| Anastomosis | the artery has different branches/pathways so if one part becomes obstructed, the blood flow does not get stopped, property of coronary arteries |
| Myocardial infarction | when the cells of the heart are depreived of oxygen due to a clot |
| coronary sinus | a venous channel that allows blood which has passed through apillary beds in myocardium to enter right atrium |
| conduction system of heart | sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, and purkinje fibers |
| sinoatrial node | locatedin right atrial wall near superior vena cava |
| atrioventriclar node | mass of special cardiac muscle tissue, right atriam along interatrial septum |
| atrioventricular bundle and purkinje fibers | originates in AV node and extendes down the interventricular septum, turning into purkinje fibers |
| nerve supply to heart | both divisions of autonomic, sympathetic, accelerator nerves, (middle, superior and inferior cardiac nerves) and parasympathetic,depressor nerves, (vagus nerve), combine at cardiac plexus by aorta |
| artery | vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| arterioles | small arteries |
| vein | vessel that carries blood towards the heart, all except pulmonary veins carry deoxygenated blood |
| venules | small veins |
| sinuses | very large venous spaces |
| capillaries | microscopic vessels that carry blood from small arteries to small veins, irregular are clled sinusoids |
| missing link of circulation | capillaries, William Harvey couldn’t figure out hwo blood got from arteries to veins |
| tunica adventitia | outermost layer of blood vessels, strong flexible connective tissue, in veins it is the thickest, in arteries it is medium |
| tunica media | middle layer of smooth muscle with elastic connective tissue, permits changes in diameter, controlled by autonomic nerves supplied with blood by vasa vasorum |
| tunica intima | innermost layer of blood vessel, mad eof endothelium continuous with endothelium that line sthe heart |
| fenestrations | holes in tunica intima that allow easy flow of fluid and solutes across capillary wall |
| most important vessel | capillaries |
| size fo capillaries | 1mm long and 1/25 in thick |
| capillaries are also called the | primary exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system |
| blood flow through capillaries | slowest rate of all, allows maximum contact tiem between blood and tissue |
| microcirculation | flwo of blood through capillary bed |
| function of arteries | distributors, carry blood to arterioles, and arterioles carry blood to capillaries |
| function of arterioles | serve as resistance vessels for circulation, help maintain normal blood pressure |
| precapillary sphincters | how the smooth muscle cells of the arteriole wall act like, located where capillary originates |
| pacitance | ease of stretching, veins |
| function of veins | collectors and reservoir vessels, return blood fro capillaries to the heart |
| veins are also known as | capacitance vessels |
| systemic circulation | blood flows from heart through body back to heart |
| pulmonary circulation | blood flow from heart to lungs back to the heart |
| end-arteries | arteries that diverge into capillaries |
| arterial anastomosis | when arteries open into other branches of the same artery, or a different one, provide a detour route |
| aorta | main trunk for the entire systemic arterial system |
| ascending aorta | part that conducts blood upward out of the left ventricle |
| aortic arch | the turn in the aorta |
| descending aorta | what goes down into the thoracic cavityto become the thoracic aorta |
| brachiocephalic artery | right side of the head and neck are supplied by this artery |
| brachiocephalic artery branches to become | right subclaviand and right common carotid artery, while the left common carotid artery and subclavian artery come right off the aortic aarch |
| basilar artery | the main artery going into the brainstem, which branches into the posterior cerebral arteries |
| circle of willis | an anastomosis, created by communicating arteries from the arterial cerebral arteries on the base of the cranial floor |
| veins ar eth eultimate extensions of capillaries | |
| veins may be in branches, but may not | |
| median cubital vein | a branch that is absent In many individuals |
| many main arterie s have veins that have their saem name | |
| deep veins | found in deep parts o fthe body |
| dural sinuses | veins in the dura mater, not actually ahole like in the skull |
| internal jugular vein | where the veins from the head drain into |
| right an dleft external jugular veins | where the superficial veins fo the head drain into , terminate in subclavian veins |
| brachial vein | where the deep veins of the upper extremities drain into, eventuall y into brachiocephalic vain |
| vrachiocepalic vein | major tributary of the superior vena cave |
| palmar venous arches | superficial veisn of the hands which pour blood inot the cephalic vein and basilica vein, eventually empying into the axillary vein |
| azygos vein | lies next to the spinal column and extends from inferior vena cave through diaphragm |
| hepatic portal system | return of blood from the abdominal digestive organsveisn fo the abdomen |
| hepatic portal cicularion | veisn from spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder and intestines send blood to liver by means fo hepatic portal vein. Drainef fromliver through 2nd capillary networdbefore returning to the heart |
| advantages to hepatic portal circulation | super high blood glucose level from after eating which is reduced by liverblood alcohol as well |
| veins fo the lower extremity | anterior tibial vein which continues to fibular vein, joint to popliteal vein, to femoral vein, to external ilica vein, to inferior vena cava |
| fetal circulation | fetal blood securesoxygen and food from maternal blood, not fetal lungs, so there are umbilical arteries, umbilical vein, and a ductus venosus |
| ductus venosus | allows from blood returning from placenta to bypass fetal liver |
| umbilical arteries, 2 extension fo the internal iliac arteries and carry fetal blood to placenta | |
| placenta | allows fro oxygen an d substance exchange |
| umbilical vein | returns oxygenated blood from placenta |
| foramen ovale | opening in the spetum between the atria |
| ductus arteriosus | small vessel connecting he pulmonaryartery with the descending thoracic aorta |
| changes in circulation at birth | placenta is shed, umbilical veins and arteries die, and ductus venosuss becomes ligamentum venosum , foramen ovale becomes closed after lungs are established |
| cardiac tamponade | a compression of the heart due to pericardial effusion |
| stenosed valves | valvs that are narrower then normal |
| rheumatic heart desease | delayed inflammatory response to strp infection that attacks heart valves |
| mitral valve rprolapse | genetic condition, causes leaking |
| aortic regurgitation | blood ejects forward, but also combes backward, causes lots of stress to the heart |
| coronary artery disease | reduced flrow of bloodt to myocardial tissue, cuases a myocardioal infarction |
| atherosclerosis | hardening of arteries in which lipids and other substances build up |
| angina pectoris | chest pain felt when myocardium is deprived of adequate oxygen |
| coronary bypass surgery | veins are harvested from other arieas of body and used to bypass blockages in coronary arteries |
| congestive heart failure | failure for left ventricle to pump blood effectively |
| arteriosclerosis | heardening of the arteries |
| ischemia; decreased lood supply of a tissue | |
| angioplasty | opening up an artery with a acathedar |
| aneuriysm | section of an artery that has become abnormally widened and weakened |
| cerebrovascular accident | stroke , could be cause dby vein annurism |
| varicose veins; enlarged veins in which blood tends to pool instead of moving towards wheart | |
| hemorrhoids | verocose veins at anal canal |
| phlebitis | vein inflammation |
| thrombophlebitis | acute phlbebitis caused by thrombus formation |
| pulmonary embolism | when an embolus lodges in the ciruclationfo the lung |
| anticoagulants | prevent clot formation |
| beta adrenergic blockers | block norepinephrin receptors and reduce strengthe and rate o fheart bets |
| calcium channel blockers | reduce hart contaractio s by preventing eh flow of calcium into cardialc muscles |
| digitalis | slows and increases the strength of cardiac contractons |
| nitroglycerin | dialates coronary blood vesels and improves oxygen supply to myocardium |
| tissue plasminogen activateor | helps dissolve clots |
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