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Biology 191 Lect. 1
Biology 191 Lecture 1, Exam 1 Study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Word | Word's definition |
| Descent with Modification (3 main points) | - Alll organisms related through descent from a common ancestor living in the distant past <br /> - Spread of descendents into different habitats and slow accumulation of modifications (adaptations) <br /> - Descent with modif. through mech.of nat. sel. |
| Plato's typological view of nature (2) | - Single perfect Type for each species in the real world <br /> - Individual variations in illusionary world seen as imperfect copies of the real type |
| Plato "scale of nature" or "great chain of being" | - all organisms arranged into a "s of n" or "gcob". <br /> - Ladder of life consisted of heirarchy from inanimate matter throgh plants, lower animals and humans to angels and other spiritual beings |
| Christian Natural Theology | - John Ray & William Paley <br /> - Wisdom and power of god could be understood by stdying his creation <br />- Adaptations of organisms seen as evidence for the (1) creator's benevolance (2) creater designed each species for specific purpose |
| Carolus Linnaeus | - Founder of Taxonomy <i> Systema Naturae</i> <br /> - binomial nomenclature (genus species)<br /> - Nested classification system where similar species grouped into increasingly general categories |
| Lamarck | 1st theory of evolution. <br /> - organisms arise by spontaneous generation<br /> - organisms develop adaptations to changed environ. through use and disuse of organs, acquired char. are transmitted<br />- Oranisms innate drive to become + complex |
| Malthus | - Human suffering is the inescapable consequence of human population's potential to increase faster than food and other resources (geometric vs linear) |
| Culvier (1) | - paleontology: studied rock layers in paris and found thatthe relationship between the depth of strata and dissimilarity of fossils to current life <br /> - between strata new life appeared while other species disappeared |
| Culvier (2) | Advocated catastrophism - boundary between each strata repreented local catastrophe that destroyed many species (repopulated by species from other areas) |
| Hutton | Gradualism- the idea that profound change can take place through the cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes |
| Lyell | Uniformitarianism - geological remains from past explained by geologial process now in operation and directly observable <br />-Geologic change results from a steady accumulation of minute changes over long time spans <br />-earth > 6000 years |
| Artificial Selection vs Natural Selection | Artificial - selective breeding to domesticated plants and animals by humans to produce certain characteristics (results in great var in traits) (dogs) <br />Natural - Different environ. can modify species in same way through natural(galap. finches- food) |
| Five principles of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection: | competition(many more people born than survive because resources are limited)< br /> variability (individuals vary in characteristics)<br />natural selection <br /> heritability <br /> adaptation |
| Natural selection | some individuals are more successful in the struggle to survive in a given environment than others |
| Heritability | (these survivors chosen by nat. selection) pass on their characteristcs to the next generation |
| Adaptation | Unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to gradual change in population with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations |
| Who had same idea as Darwin? | Alfred Russel Wallace |
| Problems with Darwin's view | 1. Blending inheritance - that characteristics of an individual result form the blending of heredity determinants of its parents <br /> 2. - pangenesis- incorporated both blending inheritance and inheritance of acquired characteristics |
| Doctrine of the Continuity of the Germ Plasm | Weismann<br /> Argued for a molecular distinction between soma and germ plasm< br/ > - generations linked only to germ plasm<br />- changes in soma have no effect on germ plasm <br />- rules out inheritance of acquired char. (ex. cut off mice tails 22g ) |
| Particulate theory of inheritance | Mendel<br />- Parents pass on discrete heritable factors that retain their separate identities in offspring |
| Mendel - Law of Segregation & Law of Independent assortment | Basic rules governing how traits passed on<br />Law of Segregation- each gamete receives one of two alleles present in individual <br />Law of Indep. Assort- aleeles from different genes transmitted to gametes independently of each other |
| Fate of new favorable allele under blending versus particulate inheritance | Blending - becomes diluted whereas under particulate becomes dominant |
| Refining Mendel: multiple genes and continuous traits | Continuous Variation - many traits i.e. height exhibit continuous variation vs discreet<br /> (continuous variation produced by multiple Mendelian factors) |
| incomplete dominance and codominance | <br />- Inc. Dom- 2 aleeles both expressed in heterozyg. which exhibit intermediate phenotye (snapdragons) <br />Codominance- two aleeles both expressed in heterozygote which is a compositte rather than a blended phenotype (MN blood types) |
| Modern synthetic theory of evolution: synthesis of Darwin, Mendel and Population Genetics | 1. Genetic variation arises by chance through mutation and/or recombination <br />2. Populations evolve by changes in frequencies of aleeles between generations resulting from (g. drift, g. flow, esp. nat. sel) <br />3. gradual Speciation (reprod. isolat |
| Evolution Definition Darwin vs Modern | Darwin- descent with modification <br />Modern- change in genetic compsition of population through time (across generations) |
| Three main pieces of evidence for evolution | 1. Fossil Record<br />2. Homology (underlying similarity between structures iwth different functions in related species that results from common ancestry)<br />3. Vestigal traits (structures that have marg. or no funct. but resemble traits ancestors had) |
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analeah
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