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Lecture021
MB351Exam3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the prokaryotes? | Bacteria & Archaea |
| What are the eukaryotes? | Eukarya |
| Evolution is descent with modification. What does that mean? | |
| What is the three domain system? | Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
| What kingdoms do the Domain Eukarya include? | Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, also Protists |
| What are the characteristics of the Bacteria domain? | *Thermotoga *Gram(+) bacteria *Gram(-)bacteria *Chloroplast *Cyanobacteria *Mitochondria |
| What are the characteristics of the Archaea domain? | *Hyperthermophiles *Methanogens *Extreme Halophiles |
| What are the characteristics of the Eukarya domain? | *Archaezoa *Microspora *Plasmodial slime mold *Chromista *Euglenozoa *Ciliates *Plants *Amoebas *Oomycotes *Cellular slime molds *Fungi *Animals |
| Order of all systems? | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| What makes up the Five Kingdom system? | Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia |
| What is the endosymbiotic theory? | Origin of eukaryotes: A cell engulfed bacteria that had chloroplast and a bacteria with a mitochondria. This is why cells have chloroplast and mitchondrias. |
| What is the cell type of Archaea? | Prokaryotic |
| What type of cell wall does Archaea have? | Varies, but it contains NO peptidoglycan |
| What type of membrane lipid does Archaea have? | It is composed of branched carbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkage |
| What is the first Amino Acid in protein synthesis of the Archaea? | Methionine |
| Does Archeae have antibiotic sensitivity? | No. |
| Does Archaea have an rRNA loop? | Lacking |
| Does Archaea have a common Arm of tRNA? | Lacking |
| What cell type is a Bacteria? | Prokaryotic |
| What type of cell wall does a bacteria have? | It contains peptidoglycans |
| What type of membrane lipid does bacteria have? | It is composed of a straight carbon chain attached to glycerol by ester linkage |
| What is the first AA in protein synthesis is in Bacteria? | Formylmethionine |
| Does Bacteria have antibiotic sensitivity? | Yes |
| Does Bacteria have rRNA loop? | Yes, it is present |
| Does bacteria have a common arm of tRNA? | Yes, it is present |
| What type of cell is a Eukarya? | Eukaryotic |
| What type of cell wall does Eukarya have? | Varies, it contains carbohydrates |
| What type of membrane lipid does Eukarya have? | It is composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage |
| What is the first AA in protein synthesis of Eukarya? | Methionine |
| Does Eukarya have antibiotic sensitivity? | No. |
| Does Eukarya have an rRNA loop? | Lacking. |
| Does eukarya have a common arm of tRNA? | Yes, it is present |
| What is Taxonomy? | It is the science of identifying, naming, and organizing living organisms into systems of classifications. |
| What does taxonomy provide? | *Reference for identifying organisms *Universal names (nomenclature) for organisms *Organizes organism into categories |
| What does microbial taxonomy combine? | Phenotypic and Genotypic |
| How would scientists classify an unknown species? | |
| What is Phylogeny? | It is the study of the evolutionary history of organisms |
| True or False: Each species retains some characteristics of its ancestor. | True. |
| True or false: Grouping organisms according to common prop. implies that a group of organisms evolved from a common ancestor. | True. |
| How can you identify organisms? | Anatomy, fossils, analyzing DNA sequences. |
| In modern phylogeny, how are organisms classified? | Classification is based on evolutionary relationships. |
| What are some requirements for use in sequence based evolutionary analysis? | |
| What are candidate molecules? | some proteins (tRNA synthetase) and ribosomal RNAs |
| Why is 16s RNA good to use in sequence based evolutionary analysis? | *It is present in all cells and always has the same function. *It contains both rapidly and slowly evolving regions *horizontal transfer of rRNA genes does not occur |
| Why are fast and slow regions important? | Fast regions are useful for determining closely-related species, and slow regions are useful for determining distant relationships |
| What is the Ribosomal database project (RDP)? | It is a database that has about 2 million aligned 16s rRNA sequences available. |
| What are some useful references for species? | International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology; Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology; Approved Lists of Bacterial Names |
| What is the International Journal of Systematic and evolutionary microbiology? | It contains articles with evidence of new species or classification |
| What is the Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology? | It provides phylogenetic and identification information on bacteria and archaea |
| What is the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names? | It is a list of known prokaryotes based on published articles |
| How much 16S rRNA sequences does RDP contain? | ~2 million; ~7,000 are well-characterized species; 10,000 partially identified |
| What is the estimate of microbial species range? | ~10^7-10^9 |
| How much microbial species can we actually cultivate? | Less than or equal to 1% of all microbial species |
| Estimates of marine environments. | Surface water >10^5 cells/ml |
| Estimates of terrestrial environments. | Surface soils >10^8 cells/g |
| How many species does 1 grain of soil contain? | 1 g of soil contains ~20,000 species |
| What are some Proteobacterias? How many are there? | 2086 species, acetic acid bacteria, Enteric Bacteria, and Vibrio |
| How many Firmicutes and Actinobacteria? | 1421 Firmicutes and 1626 Actinobacteria |
| What are some Firmicutes? | Nonsporulating, low GC, Gram+ bacteris: Lactic acid bacteria *Endospore forming, low GC, Gram+ bacteria: Bacillus(673),Clostridia(536) *Cell wall less, low GC, Gram+ bacteria: the Mycoplasmas |
| What are Actinobacterias? | *High GC, Gram+ bacteria: Propionic acid bacteria *High GC, Gram+ bacteria: Mycobacteria Filamentous, high GC, Gram+ bacteria: Streptomyces |
| What are two other major groups of bacteria? | Cyanobacteria and Deinococcus |
| Of what value is taxonomy and phylogeny? | |
| What evidence supports classifying organisms into three domains? | |
| Compare Archaea and Bacteria; Bacteria and Eukarya; and Archaea and Eukarya. | |
| Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology | |
| In the scientific name Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. is the | |
| The wall-less mycoplasmas are considered to be related to gram+ bacteria. Which of the following would provide the most compelling evidence for this? |
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