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microbee
dna
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A chemical disinfection of the skin, mucous membranes, or other living tissues. | Antisepsis: |
| Important Qualities of Disinfectants (agents applied to surfaces) | Acts fast Attacks all or a wide a range of microbes Can penetrate organisms mixes well with h20 Not influenced by organic matter doesn’t decompose Doesn’t destroy objects Harmless to animals and human tissue Economical-cheap, pleasant odor |
| The process of destroying all forms microbial life on an object or in a material. Includes the destruction of endospores | Sterilization: |
| Number of organisms: Temperature: Type of Microbes:Physiological State:Environment:Presence of Organic material | Conditions Influencing Microbial Control of Pathogens: |
| 1. Alteration of membrane permeability 2. Damage to proteins and nucleic acids. | Actions of Microbial Control Agents: (how disinfectants work) |
| is among the drugs capable of preventing the formation of peptide bonds causing cell lysis (is useless against acid-fast organisms). Mycobacterium cannot be targeted by penicillin because they have cell walls made of wax not peptidoglycan. | a. Penicillin |
| also works against cell wall, it stops peptidoglycan from bonding together. It interferes with the transfer of peptidoglycan components. | Bacitracin |
| operates the same as penicillin but on acid-fast organisms). Inhibits the synthesis of mycotic acid required in cell walls of mycobacteria. It also works to inhibit other acid-fast organisms such as tuberculosis. | c. Isoniazid |
| cannot be inhibited by cell wall synthesis because they have no cell wall. | Mycoplasma |
| Where resistant or incomplete reaction forms arise (ex. spheroplasts, protoplasts, L. forms) | Cell Lysis: |
| This is possible because prokaryotes have different ribosomal proteins and RNA (70s made up of overlapping 50s + 30s) (humans have 80s made up of 60s + 40s) | Inhibition of protein synthesis |
| Binds to 30s fraction of ribosome and causes incorrect coding | Streptomycin (Antibiotic) |
| Binds to 30s fraction of ribosome and prevents binding of amino acids to the tRNA | Tetracycline (Antibiotic) |
| Binds to the 50s fraction of the ribosome, stopping protein synthesis by freezing the ribosome so it can no longer move down the mRNA.Used for Mycoplasma | Erythromycin (Antibiotic) |
| Binds to the 50s fraction of ribosome by inhibiting peptide bond formation. | Chloramphenicol and Lincomycin (Antibiotic): |
| Destroys or injures the cell membrane by attaching to phosolipids. This causes displacement of magnesium and calcium from phosphate groups on the membrane of cell. | Polymyxin: |
| Cause destruction or injury to cell membrane by binding to sterols Both are used for fungi which has a different cell wall than bacteria. Neither is effective with bacteria due to too much sterol content in bacteria cell membrane. | Nystatin and Amphotericin B |
| These are best used in research because they can harm human DNA. Some viral drugs also work on the principle of nucleic acid synthesis. | Inhibition of Nucleic Acid (NA) synthesis) |
| binds to the DNA and dependent RNA polymerase (large enzyme) inhibiting RNA synthesis leading to drug resistance Ex. used for AIDS treatment (when combined with other drugs it is called a cocktail treatment) | Rifampin |
| Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes skin and gastrointestinal side effects. Ex. chemotherapy affects skin and gastrointestinal because these are always regenerating new cells and chemo stops the regeneration (mitosis). | Nalidixic Acid |
| Is used for fungi but the mechanism by which it works is unknown. Some viral drugs also work on the principle of nucleic acid synthesis. (Ex. methiasone for smallpox, adenine-arobinose for herpes | Griseofulvin |
| Sulfa drugs are one way. They take place of the PBMA and stop folic acid from synthising so they cant make dna | . Inhibition of enzymatic activity |
| Best used in research because they harm DNA, Viral drugs-Adenine-arobunose for herpes | Inhibitiion of Nucleic acid synthsis |
| Binds to DNA and dependant RNA polymerase, leads to drug restinants AIDS | RIFAMPIN |
| INHIBITS DNA SYNTHESIS AND CAUSES SKIN AND GI SIDE EFFECTS- CHEMO STOPS THE REGENERATION | NALIDIXIC ACID |
| GLUCO-CALIX TELLS THE HEALTHY CELLS TO STOP GROWING IT IS A FORM OF | CONTACT INHIBITION |
| IS USED FOR FUNGI BUT THE MECHANISM IS UNKNOWN VIRAL DRUGS - ADENINE-AROBINOSE HERPES | GRISEOFULVIN |
| SUFLA IS ANTIBIOTIC AND ANITMETABOLITE GRAM - ORGAINSIMS WHAT INHIBITON IS THIS | ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY |
| IS A WAY OF REGULATIONG ENZYMATIC CONCENTRATION AND ACTIVITY A-B-C-D-E--A-B-C-D | FEEDBACK INHIBITION |
| COMPETES FOR THE ACTIVE SITE OF AN ENZYME | COMPETITIVE INHIBITON |
| SUBSTRATE FITS INTO NONACTIVE SITE BUT NOT CORRECTLY CHANING THE ENZYME SO THE SUBSTRATE WILL NO LONGER FIT | NON-COMPETIVE INHIBITON |
| SUCRASE+SUCORSE=SUCRASE/SUCROSE COMPLEXAND GLUCOSE+GLUCOSE=SUCRASE (PRODUCT 1 AND PRODUCT 2 | CATABOLIC REACTION OF ENZYMES |
| NAME THREE KINDS OF RNA | RRNA- ON RIBOSOMES (CICRULAR) TRANSLATING CODONS--TRNA TRANSFERS RNA BRINGS AMINO ACIDS INTO PLACE TO HELP BUILD POLYPEPTIDES MRNA MESSENGER, FORMS NUCLIOTIDES |
| IS A SEQUENCE OF 3 NUCLEOTIDES ALWAYS ON MRNA 64 POSSIABLE 61 ARE SENSE 3 ARE NONSENSE | CODONS |
| ON TRNA MATCH CODON ON MRNAEX. UAC ATTACHES TO UAG ON MRNA | ANTICODON |
| TERMINATIOR OR STOP CODONS--UAA UAG UGA | NONSENSE CODONS |
| CODE FOR AMINO ACIDS | SENSE CODONS |
| STARTS THE SYNTHESIS OF THE PROTEIN MOLECULE | INITIATOR CODON |
| SYMBOLIZED PATTERN | REPLICATION |
| rNA TO PROTEN MAKING PROTEIN BY READING THE CODE-4MILLION BASE PAIRS BUT ONLY 1MILLION ARE USEFULL | TRANSLATION |
| the information that has been encoded in the mRNA is translated into a specific sequence of amino acid that form a protein. | TRANSLATION |
| where the intitial DNA is replicated the result is 2 strands of DNA the 2 strands separate from each other (replication fork) | Semiconservative replication (DNA to DNA) |
| (DNA to RNA) process of making the RNA-“writing the code”. DNA is replicated to produce a specific molecule of RNA can make rRNA, tRNA, or mRNA RNA polymerase (enzyme) is needed only one strand of DNA serves as a template | Transcription |
| the strand being transcribed (strand makes the RNA) | Sense Strand |
| the strand not being transcribed | Antisense Strand: |
| raw material needed for the process of translation.Requirements for protein synthesis to occur are:amino acid activation enzymes (specific to tRNA)ribosomes or rRNA (coding translaton)tRNA (transportation for anticodon)mRNA (message line)amino acids (acti | Protein Synthesis: |
| is where the pairing of codons and anticodons occur. | Ribosome: |
| Which RNA are we referring to? | mRNA because it is the one with codons (tRNA has anticodons) |
| An organism’s genetic makeup. It is the information that codes for all the particular characteristics of an organism (signified by symbols like BB, Bb, bb). | Genotype |
| col plasmids make ?-a group of poisonous substances col plasmids are made that affect related species. (ex. E coli produce colicin- a specific form of bacteriocin) | bacteriocins- |
| extra chromosomal units that function in production of poisonous proteins. | col Plasmids |
| a. contact between substrate and active site b. formation of intermediate complex (enzyme substrate complex) transformation of substrate d. release of transformed substrate and recovery of the enzyme (the enzyme never becomes part of the product) | Mechanisms of action |
| they operate like a lock and key model between substrate and active sites. enzyme synthesis and concentrations are controlled by genes.enzyme activity is controlled by cellular environment-by ph and temperature naming of enzymes is based on the type of r | 2. Enzyme reactions are based on specificity |
| a. some are made up of protein b. others consist of a protein called apoenzyme and non-protein component called a cofactor or coenzyme. | Enzyme composition: |
| is a cofactor and apoenzyme combined | Holoenzyme: |
| can be a metal ion (magnesium, calcium) could be a complex organic molecule, such as a derivative of vitamin B complex (many derivatives of vitamin B used) | Cofactor/Coenzyme |
| Factors that influence enzyme activity | Temperature: pH: Substrate Concentration: Inhibitors: competitive |
| Energy Production Methods | Oxidation-Reduction: |
| 3 types of phosphorylation | Oxidative phosphorylation-2. Substrate level phosphorylation 3. Photophosphorylation: |
| WHO MAKES THE MOST ENERGY? | OXIDATIVE 34 |
| energy source = sunlight and carbon source = CO2 Provided through photosynthesis green sulfur bacteria purple sulfur bacteria | 1. Photoautotroph |
| : energy source = sunlight and carbon source = organic compounds(no CO2 is used) green sulfur bacteria purple sulfur bacteria | 2. Photoheterotrophs: |
| energy source = an absorbed inogranic molecule and carbon source = CO2 Sulfur (Thiobacillus) NH3 (Nitrosomonas) | 3. Chemoautotrophs |
| energy source and carbon source is organic matter bacteria fungi protozoa | 4. Chemoheterotrophs |
| Is involved with the breakdown of sugar substances (ex. glucose) involves glycolysis, fermentation, and cellular respiration (aerobic or anaerobic) total catabolism of the glucose molecule yields | Carbohydrate Catabolism |
| Is also called Embden – Meyerhof Pathway Is used by most organisms Occurs in the cytoplasm , no oxygen is needed | Glycolysis: |
| a.k.a. as hexose monophosphate shunt Used by bacteria instead of glycolysis. It breaks down pentose (5 carbon sugar) and provides intermediates to act as precursors of nucleic acidsA disadvantage is a net of 1 ATP | 1. pentose phosphate pathway |
| used by bacteria who don’t need glycolysis or pentose (ex. Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Agrobacterium provide oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid). A disadvantage is a net of 1 ATP | Entner-Doudoroff pathway |
| Is a metabolic process that releases ATP from organic molecules. It doesn’t require oxygen, the Kreb cycle, or the ETS. It uses an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor 2ATP | FERMINTAION |
| happens either aerobically or anaerobically Produces ATP The organic compounds (glucose) get oxidized completely The final electron acceptor is inorganic | ELLULAR RESPERATION |
| Uses oxygen (6 O2 + C6 H 12O6 = 6 CO2 + 6 H20) In humans aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of O2 Includes the Kreb cycle, ETS, glycolysis | Aerobic Respiration |
| The ETS (electron transport system) is where all the NADHs and FADHs come to exchange for ATP and is where the bulk of ATP is made. | Electron Transport Chain (chemiosmosis) |
| The net product per Krebs cycle is 3CO2 + 4NADH2 + 1FADH2 + 1ATP per each pyruvic acid therefore 15 ATP X 2 pyruvic acids = 30 ATP | KERBS |
| The ETS is made up of carrier molecules known as | as flavoproteins, cytochromes, and coenzyme Q. Quinones They are involved in exchange of ATP molecules. |
| Involves glycolysis, Kreb cycle, and ETC (not fermentation) In an anaerobic pathway the final electron acceptor is not oxygen, but another inorganic molecule. | Anaerobic Respiration |
| Converts fats into glycerol and fatty acids Goes into glycolysis because glucose is then phosphorylated to form glyceraldehyde | Lipid Catabolism: |
| fed into dehydrogenation can continue through glycolysis | a. glycerol |
| : is referred to as beta oxidation, the name for when 2 carbons at a time are removed to form acetyl CO A through the Kreb cycle. | b. fatty acids |
| Is achieved with the help of 2 enzymes = protease and peptidases | Protein Catabolism: |
| Ways to denature a protein: | Deamination: the amino acid loses its amino group, acid, and Kreb cycle. 2. Decarboxylation: is the removal of COOH 3. Dehydrogenation: is the removal of hydrogen |
| Generate things from something else, including the biosynthesis of polysaccharides. lipids amino acids purines pyrimidines | Anabolic or Biosynthetic pathways |
Created by:
vaughna
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