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Lecture019
MB351Exam3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is biotechnology? | The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product. These organisms being used have been genetically altered.Ex) Food, antibiotics, vitamins, and enzymes |
| What is genetic engineering? | the use of in vitro techniques in the isolation, alteration, and expression of DNA and in the development of genetically modified organisms. |
| What is recombinant DNA(rDNA)technology? | Insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins. |
| What is genetically modified organisms? | organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. |
| What is a transgenic organism? | type of GMO that contains a genetic material from another species. |
| What is a cloning vector? | Self-replicating DNA (plasmid) used to carry the desired gene to a new cell |
| What is a clone? | Population of cells arising from one cell, each carries the new gene |
| What is a restriction enzyme? | enzyme that recognizes a specific DNA sequence and then cuts the DNA at that site. |
| What do restriction enzymes do? | They cut double stranded DNA at its particular recognition site and produce a DNA fragment with two sticky ends |
| When two fragments of DNA cut by the same restriction enzyme come together, what happens? | They can join by base pairing |
| What enzyme is used to unite the backbones of the two DNA fragments, producing a molecule of recombinant DNA? | DNA ligase |
| What is the EcoRI restriction site? | g-a-a-t-t-c |
| Why do we create DNA recombinants? Why do we use it? | Because it.. *Isolates a gene of interest *Analyzes gene regulation *increase our understanding of metabolic pathways *Produce a protein in abundance *we are "engineering" cells with new properties |
| What is cloning of recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rBST) used for? | used by dairy industry to stimulate milk production |
| What can rBST make, and what can that treat? | It can be used to make rHST to treat dwarfism. |
| What is Agrobacterium tumefaciens? | It is a gram negative bacteria with motility and is rod shaped. It is found in soil. |
| What does virulent bacteria in A. tumefaciens have? | They have a large tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid that can be integrated into a host plant genome that are responsible for the crown gall disease on trees and plants. |
| What is the function of transfer DNA (tDNA)in Ti plasmids? | It incorporates separates from plasmid DNA into host genome |
| True or False: The Ti plasmid is a natural plant transformation system | True. |
| True or False: The Ti plasmid cannot be used to shuttle exogenous genes into host plant cells. | False: It helps shuttle genes into host plants. |
| How is a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana constructed with a SOR gene? | * Construct modified Ti plasmid with SOR gene *Transfer into A. tumefaciens with helper plasmid *Infect Arabidop. with A. Tumefaciens carrying plasmids, SOR integrates into the host plant chromosome. |
| What is Bacillus thuringiensis? | It is an aerobic soil bacterium that is spore forming and gram positive. |
| Sporulation of B. thuringiensis leads to what crystalline insecticidal release? | Cry toxin |
| What is Cry toxin? | it is a highly biodegradable and non-accumulating toxin that is highly specific for certain insect larvaes. |
| How effective is Cry toxin? | Effective at <100 g/acre |
| What is a Bt corn? | transgenic corn that express the Cry toxin bc it was inserted into the crop. Insects die when they eat the crop. |
| What is Roundup? | It is an herbicide that contains Glyphosate that is non-toxic to humans and kills plants such as fungi and bacteria. |
| What does Roundup do to fungi and bacterias? | It inhibits pathway for aromatic amino acid biosynthesis Sugars -> PEP+3PS -inhibits-> 5EPSP (tryptophan,phenylalanine,and tyrosine) |
| What is the dilemma about Glyphosate? | It is so effective it can normally only be used as a pre-emergence herbicide |
| How can you protect crop plants from toxic effects of glyphosate? | Using Ti plasmids introduce genes into crop plants that provide protection mechanisms: Agrobacterium EPSPS is insensitive to glyphosate Agrobacterium C-P lyase will degrade glyphosate |
| What is the results from using Ti plasmid? | We can grow HT or herbicide tolerant crops like roundup ready crops such as corn, cotton, soybeans, canola, etc... |
| Of all the GM crops in the US, what crop is the most abundant? | HT Soybeans |
| What crop is the least abundant GM crop in the US? | BT and HT corn |
| What is the value of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology? | |
| Why is a vector used in recombinant DNA technology? | |
| Of what value is the plant pathogen Agrobacterium? | |
| List the advantages of and problems associated with the use of Biotechnology. | |
| Identify two advantages and two problems associated with genetically modified organisms. | |
| A population of cells carrying a desired plasmid. | |
| Self-replicating DNA for transmitting a gene from one organism to another. | |
| A gene that hybridizes with mRNA. | |
| A restriction fragment is |
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