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Plants Test 3
Chapters 10 through 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do hydrogels, elastic latex, and resins have in common in terms of their properties? | Hydrogels, elastic latex, and resin are all sticky substances that are exuded, or come from, plants. |
| Of hydrogels, elastic latex, and resins many have been replaced to a large extent by synthetic products but one, which has exploded in use in the last 50 years. | Hydrogel is the only one that hasn’t been replaced too much by synthetic product, and its use has exploded in the last 50 years. |
| What do hydro-gels do in water? | Hydrogels are water-modifying substances, and the starch molecules interact with the water, causing it to move less freely and become more solid |
| Plant derived hydro-gels fall into 3 main classes which are ____. | The 3 main classes of plant-derived hydrogels are: (1) gum (2) pectins (3) starches |
| Economically important plant gums can be what 2 types as far as how they are produced? | Economically important plant gums are either exudate gums, or extractive gums. |
| What do plant gums consist of chemically? | Plant gums consists of polysaccharides (arabinose, galactose, mannose, xylose), which are either water-soluble or capable of absorbing water. |
| As far as human metabolism is concerned, what can gums be considered? ? As a result, they are used in what kinds of products related to human consumption? | Gums can only be partially digested by human metabolism, which means it is mostly used for diet products, food, or medicine. |
| Name 4 other major uses of gums. | The 4 other uses of gum are: (1) paper (2) textile (3) cosmetic (4) petroleum |
| What is sizing? | sizing - substances that ares pread on cloth/paper to fill in irregularities and provide the stiffening of a smooth surface. |
| What's the most widely used exudate gum? The tree that produced it is native where? What does one have to do to the tree before the gum is produced? | The most widely used exudate gum is Gum Arabic. The tree that produces it (Acacia senegal) is native in northeastern Africa, around Sudan. The tree needs to be slashed/punctured before the gum is produced. |
| The “lace curtain” on a drained beer glass, the adhesive on the back of a postage stamp is both associated with which gum? | Gum arabic is associated with the “lace curtain” and stamp adhesive. |
| From where in the plant do extractive gums come from? | Extractive gums come from wounded woody tissue. |
| One source is from a plant already familiar to you the source of the world “carat” and the plant's (common) name is _____? | The plant that is a source for extractive gum & the word “carat” comes from the carob plant. |
| What's the basic chemical used to make a promising semi-synthetic gum? | The basic chemical used in semi-synthetic gum production is cellulose and acetyl. |
| How is “pectin” defined? | Pectin is defined as a special group of plant polysaccharides that form gels under certain conditions. |
| 75% of the world's pectin goes into the manufacturing of what product? | 75% of the world's pectin goes into the manufacturing of jams & jellies. |
| The fruit juice industry provides most of the pectin in commerce, what 2 fruits are the most of often used source for pectin? | The 2 fruits that are used as a source of pectin are apples and citrus fruits (i.e. orange peels). |
| For hydro-gel use, from what 3 plant parts are starches extracted? | Starches for hydrogel use are usually extracted from the plant's seeds, roots, and stems. |
| Most (about 2/3) of the starch produced in the world is used in what way? | Most of the starch that is produced is used for food, or food additives. |
| Of the other 1/3, in what industry is most of it used? It has 2 serious drawbacks in this usage, what are they? | The other 1/3 of the starch produced is used for nonfood purposes, mostly to make paper/cardboard. The 2 serious drawbacks of using starch for this is: (1) used in large quantities (2) highly digestible by many organisms |
| What's the name of one compound that can facilitate the breakdown of starch right in your own mouth? | The compound that can break down starch in our mouths is amylase. |
| What's eutrophication and how's it linked to starch? | Eutrophication means there is a nutrient enrichment in the environment. This can increase the algae population in water, causing a population explosion which kills other aquatic plants & animals. |
| From which “world” do elastic latex come from (in contrast to gums)? | Elastic latex comes from the New World, while gums are from the Old World. |
| Are all latex elastic? | No |
| From where does the name “rubber” come? | The name “Rubber” comes from Sir John Priestly when he said it can “rub errors from the page.” |
| How did the Amazonian natives make “proto-tennis” shoes? | Amazonian natives would dip their feet in the sap, and hold it over fire to harden the sap to create “proto-tennis” shoes. |
| What are the genus and species names for the most important source of rubber? | scientific name for the most important source of rubber is Hevea brasiliensis. |
| What is vulcanization? Where did the name “vulcan” come from? | Vulcanization is the addition of sulfur and lead oxide to rubber in order to cross-link the isoprene chains to stabilize the rubber. “Vulcan” comes from the Roman God of Fire. |
| How often can a rubber tree be tapped for its latex? | A rubber tree can be tapped several times, each time lasting for several years. |
| Why would it not be a good idea to make radical trees completely out of synthetic rubber? | It's not a good idea to make radical tires completely out of synthetic rubber because it isn't that resilient to handle a variety of situations like rain, cold, etc. |
| What's the most important drawback in using guayule as a source of rubber? | The most important drawback in using guayule as a source of rubber is that the tree cannot be profitable to harvest until it is at least 7 years old. |
| What 2 possible natural roles might be played by resin in a resin-producing plant? Two classic resins are frankincense and ____. Both are native of what country? | The 2 possible natural roles that resin probably played was for: (1) anti-herbivore function (keeps herbivores from eating it) (2) anti-bacterial properties (keep bacteria away) 2 classic resins are frankincense and myrrh, both are native from Ethiopia |
| What's the connection between President Santa Anna and Adam's chewing gum? What's the time frame for this story? | The connection between President Santa Anna and Adam's chewing gum is that Santa Anna had given chicle to Thomas Adams so that he could try and create synthetic rubber. Instead, Adams got an idea to create chewing gum using the chicle. 1866 to 1867. |
| What do you call a Mexican man climbing a tall tree to collect chicle? What has happened to these men (give an educated guess)? | A tree-climbing Mexican was called chicleros (plural). These men probably became farmers or lumberers, if they still exists. |
| Lacquer comes from trees that are native to what 2 countries? | Lacquer comes from trees that are native to China and Japan. |
| What is the connection between lacquer and the art world? | Lacquer was used to coat wooden surfaces & as sealing/glue for artwork done during the Ming Dynasty since it left behind a glasslike surface. |
| What 2 other resins are relative to the art world, and what do they do for a painting? | Two other resins that are used for the art world are copals and dammars, both of which are transparent when they dry. |
| What are “naval stores” and from what kind of tree are they derived? | “Navel stores” is the name for pine resin products, which are resistant to water. These are normally derived from various species of pine trees. |
| Baseball pitches and violinists have what in common? | Baseball pitches and violinists both have resin within the instruments/equipment that they use. |
| What is the name of the only “jewel” of plant origin? If you wanted to explain to someone what it is, what would you tell that person? | Amber is the only “jewel” that is of plant origin. Amber is normally found as a brownish-yellow color that is transparent, and often times fossilized around insects. It is also lightweight. |
| What country were the most famous early European medicine men from? | The country where the most famous early European medicine men came from was Greece. |
| The writings of Dioscorides are said by some to have set back medicinal science 1500 years, but the authors say that’s probably correct to ascribe the stagnation of medicine during the Middle Ages to something else, what? | Authors say that it would be more accurate to ascribe the stagnation of medicine during the Middle Ages to the dormancy of intellectualism in Europe. |
| What’s an herbal? | Herbal is a manual |
| What invention in the 15th century helped to circulate ideas and recipes for medicines? | The invention of the printing press in the 15th century helped to circulate ideas and recipes for medicine. |
| What’s the “Doctrine of Signatures”? Give an example of a plant that “fits” with the Doctrine’s ideas. | It is the idea that was proposed by Paracelsus, the God that gave us plants to use with natural signs embodied on the plant to indicate their potential uses. 1 example is a plant with red sap indicates it should be used for treating blood ailments. |
| What are the 2 main classes of plant-derived compounds used in human medicine today? | alkaloids and steroids |
| Briefly, what is the fundamental structure of a steroid “backbone”? | The fundamental structure of a steroid “backbone” is 4 carbon rings. |
| Many biologists believe that the purpose of plant steroids is to deter what? | Many biologists believe that the purpose of plant steroids is to deter herbivores/herbivory. |
| With what medical problem is Digitalis associated? | Digitalisis associated with the medical problem called dropsy (related to heart function). |
| Ayurvedic medicine, homeopathy, naturopathy are all different kinds of what? | Ayurvedic medicine, homeopathy, and naturapahty are all different kinds of “alternative” medicine, or herbalism. |
| What 2 characteristics are used to lump a group of chemicals into the category “alkaloids”? | The 2 characteristics that are used to lump a group of chemicals into the “alkaloid” category are: it contains nitrogen usually exhibits an alkaline reaction |
| With what disease is chaulmoogra oil associated? In what part of the world do the trees that produce the oil grow as natives? | Chaulmoogra oil is associated with the disease called leprosy. The trees that produce the oil (Hydrnocarpus species) are native to India. |
| How does one get malaria? What plant part did the Jesuits discover (from the native people) could be used in making a remedy? On what continent did the plant used to grow as a native? | Malria is from plasmodium transferred by a mosquito. Steeping pieces of chichona could be used as a remedy and is native to South America |
| With what genus of plants is aspirin associated? | The genus of the plants that aspirin is associated with is Salix (Salicaceae). |
| What is the connection, chemically, between most animal hormones and plant steroids? | The chemical connection between most animal hormones and plant steroids is that most hormones have a steroidal skeleton, meaning that steroids have a quite an effect on animals. |
| What is the usefulness of yams and some other species in connection with hormones? | The usefulness of yams and other species in connection with hormones is that they have steroids called saponins, which is similar to the human sex hormone. It’s used to produce synthetic hormones. |
| What is an analgesic? From what kind of plant (common name) is opium derived and where is the plant native? | An analgesic is a drug that can relieve pain without causing the individual to become unconscious. Opium is derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver semniferum), and the plant is native to eastern Europe/Western Asia |
| How is opium latex obtained? | Opium latex is obtained by slashing the swollen capsules to cute the latex vessels, allowing the latex to flow out and dry before being harvested. |
| What are the 3 most important isolates from opium? | Morphine Codeine Papaverine |
| Reserpine has been used in what country? What was used to treat “moon disease”, which in modern terms is called ____. | Reserpine has been used in Switzerland. Snakeroot was used to treat “moon disease,” which is known today as lunacy. |
| Bark and needles from Pacific yews have been used to treat what medical condition? | Bark and needles from Pacific yews have been used to treat both breast and ovarian cancers. |
| Under what conditions would you want to induce vomiting? | A person would want to induce vomiting when they have ingested poison to try and expel the substance. |
| What does the papaya have to do with severe back pain? | The papaya contains chymopapain, which can be injected into the area of the back pain. It will dissolve part of the deformed disk to relieve pressure on the surrounding nerves. |
| Almost all chemicals that have psychoactive properties contain what element as an ingredient? And most belong to a category called _____. | The element that is used as an ingredient in most chemicals that have psychoactive properties is Nitrogen. Most of these chemicals belong to the category alkaloids. |
| What is a shaman? | A shaman is a person that was considered a divine healer and was allowed to ingest the psychoactive drugs. |
| Which used more species of plants for their psychoactive properties: Old World or New World people? Does you answer indicate that Old or New World civilization is culturally superior? | New World people use more species for their psychoactive properties than Old World people. It doesn’t necessarily mean that the New World is more culturally superior, but the drug distribution is different now. |
| What are the genus and species for marijuana? What are the 3 uses for this plant? | The scientific name for marijuana is Cannabis sativa. The 3 uses for this plant are: (1) durable fibers to make ropes, etc., (2) the seeds for nutrition, and (3) oil for lamps. |
| What people were the first to use marijuana? Is this plant monoecious or dioecisous? Of what significance is that with regard to “potency?” | Marijuana is native to central Asia, and the first people to use it were the Chinese. The plant is dioecious, and this means that the female plant is more potent (contains more psychoactive substances). |
| In which country was the hallucinogenic properties of marijuana first exploited? | India was the first country to exploit the hallucinogenic properties of marijuana |
| Which parts of marijuana produce the greatest amount of resin (which is what the hallucination-lovers want)? | The upper leaves and bracts of the plant produces resin. |
| What does “sensilmilla” mean and what is its significance? | Sensilmilla means unfertilized, or without seeds, which is one of the strongest forms of marijuana. |
| In India, what is the difference between ganja, bhang, and hashish? | Hashish is relatively pure resin. Bhang is a milk-base beverage. |
| What is the apparent origin of the word “assassins?” | The word “assassin” is a derived word from hashish. |
| What are the six positive values for humans of the THC compound in the plant? | pain reliever combat hypertension reducing eye pressure for glaucoma patients reduces nausea in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy dilates bronchial vessels for asthma patients reduces severity of epileptic seizures & symptoms of multiple sclero |
| Is THC physiologically addictive? | No |
| What are the 4 negative values of THC? | reduced sex drive lowered sperm count reduced motor coordination impaired short-term memory |
| What are the genus and species names of the opium poppy? | The scientific name for the opium poppy is Papaver somniferum. |
| What were the “opium wars” in China all about? | It occurred between China and England. To gain goods from China, England was using opium from India to trade with. Many Chinese became addicted, and soon destroyed the opium supplies. This led to a war between the 2 countries; England winning Hong Kong. |
| What are the 2 main opium psychoactive alkaloids? | The 2 main opium psychoactive alkaloids are morphine and heroin. |
| What is heroin derived from? | Heroin is derived from morphine, and the name is derived from “heroic.” |
| What is the main cause of death of heroin addicts? | The main cause of death for heroin addicts is that they overdoes on the drug. |
| Until 1972 most of the opium that eventually ended up in the US was grown where? And then what happened? | Before 1972, most of the opium received by the US was grown in Turkey, then there was an agreement to limit the cultivation of opium poppy. |
| The shift in opium production involved primarily another country called ____. | The shift in opium production when to Afghanistan. |
| The plant that produces cocaine is native where? | The plant that produces cocaine is native to north-central Andes. |
| What does adding lime (which is what?) to coca leaves do? | “Lime” is calcium oxide, and addicting to cocaine aids in the extraction & adsorption of the alkaloids. |
| What did chewing coca leaves do for the Andean natives? | Andean natives chew the leaves to produce a feeling of well-being and to lessen the feelings of hunger/fatigue. |
| What is the role of cocaine in the manufacture of “Coca-Cola?” | Cocaine was isolated from leaves and used in toxins to treat addictions to other drugs. Italian Angelo Mariani later developed a coca wine, later becoming known as “Coca-Cola.” |
| How is it that there is no organic damage from prolonged coca leaf chewing among Andean natives, but there is among US addicts? | There is no prolonged damage to Andean natives compared to US citizens because they absorb limited/small quantities of the drug. |
| What is “crack?” What is a “crack baby?” What are some of the abnormalities of such babies? | Crack is hydrochloride salt that has been treated with boiling water and baking soda. A “crack baby” is born to a mom who used the drug during pregnancy. They low birth weights, internal organ damage, low IQ, irritable, emotional problems. |
| What are the genus and species names for the more important of the 2 species of tobacco? From where did the genus name come? | The scientific name of the 2 species of tobacco are Nicotiana tobacum and Nicotiana rustica. The genus name came from Nicotiana, which was believed to be native to the New World. |
| As discovered by Columbus, what are the 3 ways that native people of the New World ingested tobacco? | The 3 ways native people consumed tobacco was by smoking, eating, or snuffing. |
| What is the name of the main alkaloid in tobacco? | The name of the main alkaloid in tobacco is nicotine. |
| What claims were made for tobacco usage that made it so popular in Europe in the 17th century? | Claims that tobacco could remedy female problems, snakebites, lung strengthener, ulcer, the plague, and a potent aphrodisiac made it popular in Europe during the 17th century. |
| Why would a Virginian in the early 17th century want to grow tobacco rather than corn? | Virginia would want to grow tobacco instead of corn because it had 4x the revenue of the other crop. |
| Why would one want to remove flower stalks and side shoots from a growing tobacco plant? | Flower stalks & side shoots are removed from a growing plant to prevent it from diverting nutrients to the seeds and lower branch development. |
| Why are tobacco chewers and cigarette smokers more likely to become addicted to tobacco rather than pipe and cigar smokers? | . Tobacco chewers and smokers are more likely to become addicted than pipe & cigar smokers because the effect of nicotine is stronger when it is inhaled. |
| How is insecticide made from tobacco? | Insecticide is made with tobacco by treating it with sulfuric acid to make it potent. |
| Related to tobacco are a group of genera in the same family as tobacco, having hallucinogenic and toxic compounds; what is the name of the family? | The name of the family that is related to tobacco & has toxic and hallucinogenic compounds is Solanaceae. |
| What do witches riding on broomsticks have to do with plants having psychoactive compounds? | Witches used solaneaceuous alkaloids in their “witchcraft” during ancient times, and seeing them on a broomstick was a result from the hallucinogentic sensation of being transported. |
| What are some of the species of Chrysanthemum used for? | Some of the species of Chrysanthemum are used for creating “natural” insecticides. |
| What is the official inebriating beverage of the South Pacific? What plant family (common name) is involved? | The official inebriating beverage of the South Pacific is called Kava. It is involved with the plant family Piperaceae. |
| What plant family (common name) are the species lumped together as ololiuqui classified in? What relationship does the psychoactive compound in these species have with ergotism? | The plant family that ololiuqui fall under is called Convolvulaceae. All of the mentioned species have a compound in common with ergot, and that compound is known as LSD |
| What plant family (common name) is peyote in? Where is peyote native? The most psychoactive compound in it is what? | Peyote is from the plant family Cactaceae, and is native in the Rio Grande valley of Texas and northern Mexico. The most psychoactive compound in peyote is mescaline |
| What religious group received an exemption from the illegality of using peyote? | The religious group of the Native American Church is the only religious group that is exempted from the illegal use of peyote. |
| What are the 3 most important stimulants in the world used in drink form? What chemical stimulus do they have in common? | The 3 most important stimulants in the world that is used in drink form are: coffee, tea, and chocolate milk. All 3 of these drinks contain the alkaloid caffeine. |
| Of the 3 species of coffee, which one is the most important? Give the genus and species names. | The most important species of coffee is Coffea arabica. |
| What people were the first to brew coffee? | The first people to brew coffee were the Ethiopians. |
| With what social phenomena did coffee drinking become associated in England? | Coffee drinking became associated with becoming a Christian beverage and the political world. |
| Which group of people broke the Arabian monopoly on growing coffee and where did they begin to grow the trees? | The Dutch were able to break the Arabian monopoly on growing coffee, and they did so by starting to grow trees in the East Indies. |
| Which country now leads the world in coffee production? | Brazil |
| Why aren’t the “lesser” species of coffee as valuable as the most important one (give 2 reasons)? For what 2 reasons is coffee usually not harvested mechanically? | The other species of coffee aren’t used because C. arabica is both self-fertilizing and self-compatible. Coffee isn’t typically harvested mechanically because of the size of the tree and the slope of the terrain that they are planted on. |
| What does “fermentation” mean with regard to coffee seeds? Afterwards, what must be done to the coffee seeds before they are ready for brewing a cup? | Fermentation with coffee seeds means that there is an enzymatic & chemical alteration of several compounds, giving coffee its aroma and taste. The seeds are dried for one week, and the remaining endocarp and seed coats are removed mechanically. |
| What are the 2 different processes used to make “instant” coffee? Which do you think would taste better? | . The 2 processes used to make “instant” coffee are sealing and freeze-drying. The freeze-drying coffee would probably taste better because the process is less damaging to the coffee than sealing |
| What disease does coffee-drinking seem to give protection against? | Drinking coffee seems to protect against Parkinson’s disease. |
| What are the 2 processes or techniques for decaffeinating coffee? Of what use is the caffeine that is removed from coffee? | The 2 processes/techniques for decaffeinating coffee are solvent extraction and water extraction. The extracted caffeine is used as additives for soda, headache and cold medicine. |
| What is probably the most common additive, popular to Louisiana, used to enhance the flavor of coffee or perhaps to even make it “go further?” | The additive popular in Louisiana that is used to enhance the flavor of coffee is chicory |
| To what environmental factor do “traditional” varieties of coffee trees have a tolerance when placed in “traditional” plantations, as compared to many of the “modern” varieties planted in “modern” plantations? | Traditional coffee trees can be planted in the shade, providing a more diverse animal distribution because it doesn’t require harmful insecticides. |
| What is the Latin genus name for “food of the gods,” according to the Mayans? Is the plant New World or Old World in origin? | The Latin name for the “food of the gods” is Theobroma cacao, also known to us a cacao. The plant is of New World origin. |
| Cortes and Montezuma are connected in the history of chocolate in what way? | Montezuma was the last ruler of the Aztecs, and offered Cortes a goblet of cacao as a sign of respect. Cortes brought cacao back to England, where they used cinnamon and sugar instead of spices. |
| In what century did sweet hot chocolate become the rage in Europe? Where is cacao native? | Sweet hot chocolate was on the rage in Europe during the 17th century. Cacao was thought to be native from Central America, but it actually goes from the Amazon region of South America to southern Mexico. |
| What does fermentation of the cacao seeds accomplish, generally speaking? What major process follows after that, and after the seeds are dried and “polished?” | Fermentation of the cacao seeds allow structural and chemical changes to occur, killing of the embryo. The seeds are placed in a tumbler to be “polished”, then sorted and graded. |
| What, botanically, are chocolate “nibs?” | Chocolate “nibs” are the cotyledons that are left after roasting & separation of the seed coats. |
| With “chocolate liquor,” in what 2 directions can further processing go? | “Chocolate” liquor can either be processed into baking chocolate or into chocolate candy. |
| What is “Dutching?” | “Dutching” is the process used today to produce cacao. It is pressed to remove the fat and dry the cacao into powder. |
| About when did the addition of condensed milk to chocolate start? | The addition of condensed milk to chocolate began around 1875 by the Nestle Company. |
| How do the polyphenols in chocolate act in the human body? | The polyphenols in chocolate act as antioxidants for the human body. |
| What are the genus and species names of tea? It is probably native in what country? | The scientific name of tea is Camellia sinensis, and is probably native to the country of China. |
| Early tea beverages used what addictives in addition to tea leaves? | Early tea beverages used rice in addition to tea leaves. |
| What is the connection between tea drinking and Buddhism? | It is believe that tea was a gift from Buddha when one of his followers ripped off his own eyelids because he kept falling asleep even though he vowed to stay awake until Buddha finished his work on Earth. |
| By what century did tea become an important trade item for Europeans?What country is now the world’s largest tea producer? | Tea became an important trade item for Europeans by the 18th century, and India is currently the world’s largest producer of tea. |
| What European country introduced tea growing to the world’s largest tea producer? | England was the European country that introduced tea to India |
| With what agricultural disaster is the switch from coffee to tea in England correlated? | England switched from coffee to tea when the “coffee rust” disaster occurred & destroyed the coffee plantations. |
| The Boston Tea Party of December 1773 was connected to a non-botanical issue, which was _____. | The Boston Tea Party of 1773 happened because England was trying to place a tea tax for the American colonies. The colonists retaliated by throwing tea overboard from the boat into the water. |
| For fine teas, what part of the tea plant is usually picked? | The 2 or 3 youngest leaves and the terminal bud of each branch is picked to produced fine teas. |
| What are the names of the 3 types of teas, based on how they are processed? | green tea = steamed 45-60 sec and dried @ 90-110 degrees C black tea = drums/troughs to wither to lower moisture content oolong tea = combination of black & green tea flavors |
| What does tea leaf fermentation accomplish? | Leaf fermentation allows chemical reactions to occur in order to create the final flavor of tea. |
| How does the polyphenols in tea seem to work in the human body? Which of the tea types is richest in polyphenols? | The polyphenols in tea show anti-tumor and anti-mutagenic properties in humans. Green tea is the type of tea with the richest amount of polyphenols. |
| How did iced tea drinking start and when? | Iced tea first occurred in 1904 when a British entrepreneur added ice to tea he was selling because no one wanted to buy it in summer. |
| How did the use of tea bags start? | The use of tea bags first happened when a New York wholesaler gave out samples of tea in a silk bag as a promotional scheme. |
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