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222 Cardiac
Cardiac Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| EKG | Graphic representation of electrical conduction through the heart |
| Isoelectric Line | Baseline, no electrical activity. |
| P Wave | Atrial depolarization or contraction |
| PR Interval | The time it takes the impulse to travel from SA node to ventricular muscle (AV Node) |
| QRS Complex | Ventricular depolarization or contraction |
| T Wave | Ventricular repolarization or relaxation after contraction. |
| ST Segment | Time between the end of contraction and repolarization or relaxation of ventricular muscle. |
| Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR) | PQRST present P waves look alike in front of QRS. regular rate R-R intervals the same. atrial and ventricular rate are equal 60-100 conduction PRI 0.12-0.20 sec. QRS <0.12 |
| Sinus Bradycardia | PQRST present, same appearance Reg rhythm Rate: <60 bpm conduction: Normal PRI, QRS normal in athletes, dec cardiac output others TX: Atropine if symptomatic |
| Sinus Tachycardia | PQRST present, same appearances Rhythm: Regular Rate: 100-150 bpm Conduction: Normal PRI, QRS PT response: Decreased cardiac output TX: treat cause first (pain, low 02, hypovolemia, anxiety, bronchodilator) |
| Acapella | small hand held device, combines PEP (positive expiratory pressure) and airway vibrations to mobilize pulmonary secretions |
| Anti-tussive | cough suppressant |
| Asthma | chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways lead to recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, especially at night and early morning. |
| Bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchi in lower respiratory tract, usually with or after a viral URI |
| Bronchoscopy | bronchi visualized through fiber optic tube |
| Bronchospasm | increase in bronchial smooth muscle tone with resultant closure of small airways. Airway edema develops causing secretion build up. Wheezing, dyspnea, use of accessory muscles, hypoxia, and tachypnea. |
| Laryngospasm | spasm of laryngeal muscle. |
| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. A preventable, treatable disease state with chronic airflow limitations that is not fully reversible. Airflow limitation usually progressive and associated with abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious |
| Cor pulmonale | enlargement of the right ventricle secondary to diseases of the lung, thorax, or pulmonary circulation. |
| Crackles (rales) | fine-short duration, discontinuous, high-pitched sounds heard just before end of inspiration. Rice krispie like. Coarse-long duration, discontinuous, low-pitched sounds caused by air passing through airways intermittently occluded by mucus, unstable bronc |
| Crepitus | crackling or rattling sound made by a part of the body, either spontaneously or during physical exam. |
| Dyspnea | air hunger in labored or difficult breathing, sometimes accompanied by pain. |
| Emphysema | a COPD marked by abnormal increase in size of air spaces distal to terminal bronchiole with destruction of alveolar walls. |
| FEV1 second | forced expiratory volume in one second |
| Expectorant | an agent such as Guaifenesin that promotes clearance of mucus from resp tract. |
| Hemoptysis | expectoration of blood that arises room the larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs. |
| Hypercapnia | increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood, typically to levels greater than 45-50 mmHg. ↑CO2 in blood result from inadequate ventilation or massive mismatches between ventilation and perfusion of the blood. |
| Hypercarbia | see hypercapnia. |
| Hypoxia | oxygen deficiency in body tissues. |
| Hypoxemia | decreased oxygen tension (O2 concentration) of arterial blood, measured by the arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) values. |
| ISE | spirometry where visual and vocal stimuli are given to produce maximum effort during deep breathing. |
| Mucolytic | pertaining to a class of agents that liquefy sputum or reduce its viscosity. |
| Orthopnea | labored breathing occurs when lying flat and improves when standing or sitting up. |
| PEFR (peak expiratory flow rate) | maximum rate of exhalation during forced expiration, measured in liters per second or liters per minute. Used to test airway obstruction. |
| Pneumothorax | collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity. Gas enters as a result of perforation through the chest wall (trauma, iatrogenic injury) or pleura. |
| Postural drainage | passive airway clearance technique in which patients are positioned so that gravity will assist with removal of secretions from specific lobes of lung, bronchi, or lung cavities. |
| Pulmonary function test | test to evaluate condition of respiratory system. Measures expiratory flow and lung volumes and capacities. |
| Rhonchi | low-pitched wheezing, snoring or squeaking sound heard in a person with partial airway obstruction. |
| Status asthmatics | persistent and intractable asthma. |
| Thoracentesis | inserting a needle through the chest wall and into pleural space usually to remove fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. |
| Tidal volumes | volume of air inspired and expired in a normal breath. |
| Tracheostomy | surgical opening of trachea to provide and secure an open airway. |
| V/Q scan | used in diagnoses of PE. Microscopic spheres of radioactive particles inhaled to evaluate ventilation and perfusion. |
| Wheezes | continuous musical sound heard predominantly on expiration caused by narrowing of the lumen of respiratory passageway. |
Created by:
CJWight
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