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Micro-Bio Chapter 22
Immunity and Serology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acquired Immunity | Can result by actively producing or passively receiving antibodies to an antigen |
| Naturally Acquired Active Immunity | Follows illness or pathogen exposure |
| Artificially Acquired Active Immunity | Occurs through vaccination |
| Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity | Congenital immunity; occurs when antibodies pass from mother to fetus; maternal IgG antibodies remain in child 3-6 weeks after birth; maternal IgA antibodies are passed to the newborn through colostrum (first milk) and breast milk |
| Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity | Involves injection of antibody-rich serum into a body; serum can be used to prevent disease (prophylactic) or treat disease (therapeutic); serum sickness may develop if immune system recognizes serum proteins as “nonself” and mount an allergic reaction |
| Active Immunity | Occurs when the body’s immune system responds to antigens by producing antibodies and lymphocytes |
| Passive Immunity | Occurs when someone receives antibodies from another source |
| Vaccines | Contain treated or altered microbes, toxins, or parts of microbes 1. Primary response occurs 2. Memory cells form 3. Person usually does not become ill 4. Adjuvants are given to enhance the immune response |
| Live Attenuated Vaccines | Contain weakened microbes that multiply at low levels inducing a strong immune response; organisms can revert to a virulent form and cause disease; are difficult and not widely used; mostly for viruses |
| Inactivated Vaccines | Contain killed pathogens which may induce a weaker immune response; booster shots are required to maintain immunity; safer because they cannot cause disease; ex. polio vaccine types |
| Toxoid Vaccines | Contain inactivated toxins; booster shots required |
| Subunit Vaccines | Contain only the parts of antigens that stimulate a strong immune response; recombinant DNA technology often used to create this vaccine; cannot cause disease |
| Conjugate Vaccines | Created by attaching bacterial capsule polysaccharides to a toxoid; elicits a strong immune response |
| DNA Vaccines | Depend on ability of some cells to take up and translate foreign DNA and to display the proteins to elicit a strong immune response; naked DNA vaccines have engineered plasmids with a gene from the pathogen and are inactive so cannot cause disease |
| Recombinant Vector Vaccines | Involve DNA incorporated into an attenuated pathogen; the pathogen takes the DNA into the viral cells or incorporates the DNA and presented antigens into bacterial cells |
| Herd Immunity | Results from effective immunization programs; the majority of a population becomes immune; un vaccinated individuals unlikely to contact and infected individual; affected by population density and strength of a person’s immune system |
| Serological Reactions | In vitro study of antigen-antibody reactions; can help diagnose microbial infections or identify unknown antigens |
| Titration | The dilution of antigen or antibody solution to the most favorable concentration |
| Titre | The most dilute concentration of serum antibody that reacts to its antigen; a rise in the titre ratio (antibodies to serum) indicates disease |
| Neutralization | Used to identify toxins and antitoxins, viruses and viral antibodies; involves antigen-antibody reactions; to determine if a toxin has been neutralized, a sample can be mixed with an antitoxin or injected into a lab animal |
| Precipitation | The formation of soluble antigens and antibodies into a huge cross-linked lattice |
| Zone of Equivalence | In fluid, molecules dissolve until they reach the ideal concentration |
| Immunodiffusion | Antigens and antibodies diffuse through a gel until they reach the zone of equivalence |
| Immunoelectrophoresis | When diffusion is combined with electrophoresis |
| Agglutination | Involves the clumping of cells or cell-size antigens; a visible reaction requires less antibody or antigen if they are clumped |
| Passive Agglutination | Antigens are absorbed onto a surface, antibodies are added, and agglutination is observed |
| Hemagglutination | Is used to determine blood type |
| Labeling Methods | Used to detect antigen-antibody binding; may be direct or indirect |
| Fluorescent Antibody Technique | Can detect antigen-antibody binding by labeling antibodies with a fluorescent marker |
| Radioimmunoassay (RIA) | Extremely sensitive; uses radioactive-labeled antigens |
| Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST) | Uses radioactive antiglobulin antibodies |
| Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) | Similar to RAST; uses an enzyme system instead of radioactivity; often used to detect antibodies against HIV |
| Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb) | “Magic bullet” in biomedicine; produced using myelomas; can be used in disease preventions and immunomodulation which controls overactive inflammatory responses |
| Polyclonal Antibodies | Occur due to multiple epitopes on a pathogen which activate different B cell populations |
| Myeloma Cells | Fused to an activated B cell to form a hybridoma |
| Hybridoma | Can be cloned if it produces the right mAb (monoclonal antibody) |
Created by:
dlnymarie
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