Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Micro-Bio Chapter 21
Resistance and the Immune System 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Immunological Memory | The ability to “remember” past pathogen exposures; specific; body fights any subsequent infections; directed against a specific antigen; anamnestic response |
| Antigens | Foreign molecules that provoke an immune response; composed of an epitope and carrier molecule |
| Properties of Antigens | Size Complexity Foreignness Degradability Molecule that makes best antigen |
| Epitopes | Unique antigenic determinants |
| Complete Antigen | Will both induce the body to produce antibodies and to combine to those antibodies |
| Hapten | An epitope without a carrier; will react with existing antibodies but cannot induce antibody production; if linked to proteins, it might provoke an allergic immune response |
| Immune Deficiency | Occurs if the body loses the ability to respond to antigens |
| Autoimmune Disease | Occurs when self-tolerance breaks down and the body starts attacking itself |
| B Lymphocytes (B cells) | Complementary response; involved in producing antibodies against epitopes (humoral immunity); formed in bone marrow |
| T Lymphocytes (T cells) | Complementary response; provide resistance through lysis of infected or abnormal cells (cell-mediated immunity); formed in the thymus |
| Humoral Immunity | Involves activation of B cells and production of antibodies against antigens |
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | Activated to eliminate “nonself” cells after microbes enter cells making antibodies useless; T cells regulate and control these activities |
| Clonal Selection | Activates B+T cells; B+T clones contain lymphocytes that develop into effector cells that target pathogens and memory cells that are capable of division on short notice |
| Antigen Exposure | Activates only B+T cells with receptors that recognize specific epitopes on the antigen |
| Origin of Immune System | Originates from stem cells; in fetus it originates from stem cells in the yolk sac and bone marrow |
| Myeloid Progenitors | Develop from stem cells; become red blood cells and most white blood cells |
| Lymphoid Prgenitors | Develop from stem cells; become lymphocytes |
| Natural Killer (NK) Cells | Type of lymphocytes |
| Immunoglobulins | Ig; antibodies; a class of proteins |
| Antibody Structure | 2 identical Light strands (short) and 2 identical Heavy strands (long) |
| Light Chain | Shorter strands of antibodies (2) |
| Heavy Chain | Longer strands of antibodies (2) |
| Constant Region | Part of chains of antibodies; determines the location and functional class of the antibody |
| Variable Region | Part of chains of antibodies; contains different amino acids for the many antibodies produced |
| Variability | Allows formation of specific antigen binding sites |
| Fab Fragment | Part of antibody; combines with the epitope |
| Fc Fragment | Part of antibody; has functions in opsonization, complement system activation, and allergic reactions |
| IgM | Class of immunoglobulin; the first, short-lived Ig; appears in circulation after B cell stimulation (pentameric) |
| IgG | Class of immunoglobulin; gamma globulin; the major circulating antibody; provides immunity to fetus and newborn |
| IgA | Class of immunoglobulin; provides resistance in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts; mucosal immunity; found in colostrum and milk (dimeric) |
| IgE | Class of immunoglobulin; plays a role in allergic reactions; binds to basophils |
| IgD | Class of immunoglobulin; a cell surface receptor on B cells and activates them |
| Primary Antibody Response | Occurs the first time the body encounters a pathogen |
| Secondary Antibody Response | Occurs with a subsequent infection by the same pathogen; more powerful and sustained response; anamnestic response |
| Antigen-Antibody Complex | Antibodies mediate antigen disposal; these complexes cause antigen to be inactivated, die, or increase its susceptibility |
| Complement | Activated by Antigen-Antibody Complexes leading to cell lysis and other activities such as chemotaxis, opsonization, or inflammation |
| Cellular Immunity | Relies on T cell receptors and recognition for cell-mediated immunity |
| Cytotoxic T Cells | Have TCRs and CD8 coreceptor proteins; recognize and bind to MHC-1/peptide complexes on infected cells, then release toxins like perforin and granzymes that cause cell death; recognize and kill tumor cells |
| Helper T Cells | Have TCRs and CD4 coreceptor proteins |
| CD4 Cells | T cell coreceptor proteins that can help with both humoral and cell-mediated immunity |
| T Cell Receptors (TCRs) | Allow T cells to recognize and bind to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
| MHC Proteins | Unique for nearly all individuals; mark the body’s cells as “self” cells |
| Class II MHC Proteins | On the surface of immune cells that present antigen fragments to CD4 T cells; called antigen-presenting cells (APCs) |
| Class I MHC Proteins | Found on the surface of nearly all the body’s cells |
| Virus-Infected Host Cells | Can degrade viral antigens and present peptide fragments with MHC-1 proteins on cell surface |
Created by:
dlnymarie
Popular Biology sets