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Micro-Bio Chapter 20
Resistance and the Immune System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Serum | The fluid part of blood containing water, minerals, salts, proteins, etc. |
| Plasma | Serum that contains clotting agents |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells |
| Leukocytes | White blood cells; produced in the bone marrow |
| Platelets | Thrombocytes |
| Granulocytes | WBCs; have a granular cytoplasm containing digestive enzymes |
| Neutrophils | Granulocyte; aka polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN); phagocyte |
| Eosinophils | Granulocyte; contains toxic compounds to defend against parasites |
| Basophils | Granulocyte; similar to mast cells acting in allergic reactions |
| Agranulocytes | WBCs; don’t have visible granules in the cytoplasm |
| Monocytes | Agranulocyte; phagocytes that mature into macrophages in tissues |
| Lymphocytes | Agranulocyte; contain natural killer cells and B + T lymphocytes; move to the lymph nodes after maturation |
| Natural Killer (NK) Cells | Destroy virus-infected and abnormal cells; formed in bone marrow; migrate to tonsils, lymph nodes, and spleen; kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells; releases cytotoxic perforins and granzymes when activated |
| B+T Lymphocytes | Involved in acquired immunity |
| Dendritic cells | Found in the skin and other points of pathogen origin; involved in innate immunity and activation of acquired immunity |
| Lymphatic System | Composed of cells and tissues essential to immune function; maintains and distributes lymphocytes |
| Lymph | The clear fluid surrounding tissue cells and filling intercellular spaces |
| Primary Lymphoid Tissues | Thymus and bone marrow |
| Secondary Lymphoid Tissues | Spleen and lymph nodes |
| Spleen | Contains cells that monitor and fight infectious diseases |
| Lymph Nodes | Contain phagocytes and lymphocytes |
| Innate Immunity | Nonspecific resistance; is genetically encoded to recognize common features of pathogens and foreign substances; includes barriers |
| Acquired Immunity | Specific resistance; involves production of lymphocytes and antibodies specific to the pathogen that is causing an infection; started by cytokines |
| Cytokines | Chemical signals sent by many immune cells to tissues involved with starting acquired immunity |
| Physical Barriers | Skin: breaches may allow entry to blood Mucous Membranes: swallowed or coughed out |
| Chemical Barriers | Lactobacillus: in vagina; decreases pH which resists infection Low pH: in stomach; destroys most pathogens Lysozymes: found in sweat + saliva; destroys gram positive cells |
| Cellular Barriers | Normal flora: outcompetes pathogens for nutrients and attachment sites |
| Phagocytosis | Nonspecific defense mechanism; the capture and digestion of foreign particles; clears microbes from infected tissues |
| Chemokines | Cytokines that attract macrophages and neutrophils to infected tissues via chemotaxis |
| Opsonins | Attach to microbes to increase the ability of phagocytes to adhere to them |
| Phagosome | Holds phagocytized microbes that is either then acidified which kills or inactivates the pathogen; also fuses with lysosomes and enzymes or other products kill and digest the pathogen |
| Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) | Some neutrophils turn into NET fibers; pathogens get caught in them and antimicrobials degrade and kill the pathogens |
| Inflammation | First nonspecific immune response to infection 1. tissues start phagocytosis + secrete cytokines 2. capillary walls dilate causing edema, heat, redness, + pain 3. more phagocytes come to site 4. fibrin walls form around injury; prevent spread of patho |
| Moderate Fever | Supports immune system; inhibits microbial growth; encourages tissue repair; heightens phagocytosis |
| Pyrogens | Cytokines produced by some leukocytes and fragments from pathogens; affect hypothalamus and body temperature |
| Body Temperature | If temperature rises above 105º F in an adult, host metabolic inhibition occurs; can cause convulsions and death |
| Complement | A series of proteins in the bloodstream; marks pathogens for destruction; activate in presence of microbes |
| Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) | Receptors that help the innate immune system recognize pathogens |
| Toll-Like Receptors | Signaling receptors on macrophages, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells that help innate immune system |
| Interferons (IFNs) | Protein cytokines that trigger macrophage activation and production of substances that interfere with viral reproduction of RNA |
Created by:
dlnymarie
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