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Micro-Bio Chapter 19
Disease and Infection
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Disease | Any change from the general state of good health: homeostasis; occurs when host loses competition for control from microbes |
| Microbiata | Microbes that reside in the body without causing disease (live in symbiosis); NORMAL FLORA |
| Indigenous Microbiata | Permanent residence with different parts of the body |
| Transient Microbiata | More temporary residence within the body |
| Mutualism | When microbiata and body both benefit from microbe’s presence |
| Commensalism | When microbe benefits from body/host and body is unaffected by microbe’s presence |
| Parasitism | Pathogens in the body cause damage and disease in the host |
| Pathogenicity | A microbe’s ability to enter a host and cause damage |
| Virulence | Degree of pathogenicity; can be enhanced in biofilms because immune cells cannot reach bacterial cells |
| Avirulence | When microbe is not regarded as a disease agent |
| Exogenous Infection | Occurs if a pathogen breaks through the body’s defenses to sterile tissues; additional defenses may then be triggered |
| Endogenous Infection | Occurs if normal flora/microbiata break through the body’s defenses to sterile tissues; additional defenses may then be triggered |
| Opportunistic Infection | Occur when commensalist microbes take advantage of a change in the body’s environment that favors the microbe |
| Primary Infection | Occur in otherwise healthy bodies |
| Secondary Infection | Occur in a body weakened by a primary infection |
| Local Disease | Restricted to a single area of the body |
| Systemic Disease | Disseminate to organs and other systems |
| Bacteremia | Transient appearance of bacteria in the blood |
| Septicemia | An infection of bacterial cells in the blood which can be life-threatening |
| Stages of Disease | 1. Incubation 2. Prodromal 3. Acme (Climax) 4. Decline 5. Convalescence |
| Incubation Period | Time between entry of microbe and symptom appearance; disease begins |
| Prodromal Phase | Time of mild signs or symptoms; general/indistinct |
| Acme Period | Climax; when signs and symptoms are most intense |
| Period of Decline | When signs and symptoms subside; sweating is common |
| Period of Convalescence | When body systems return to normal |
| Acute Diseases | Develop rapidly, cause severe symptoms, then fade quickly |
| Choronic Diseases | Linger for longer periods of time; slower to develop and recede |
| Portal of Entry | The route an exogenous pathogen uses to enter the body; often through natural openings |
| Infectious Dose | Number of microbes entering the body |
| Adhesins | “Sticky factors;” allow them to adhere to specific tissues; ex. pili, capsules, etc. |
| Invasiveness | Ability of a pathogen to penetrate tissues and spread; some don’t penetrate, they produce toxins |
| Phagocytosis | Allow themselves to be eaten and taken into cell to be destroyed but escape and cause damage |
| Virulence Factors | Abilities of pathogens to adapt to new environments, resist body’s defenses, and cause damage |
| Coagulase | Produce blood clots; some microbiata use it to protect themselves from phagocytosis |
| Streptokinase | Dissolves fibrin clots and allows bacterial dissemination |
| Hyaluronidase | Enhance a pathogen penetration through tissues |
| Leukocidins | Disintegrate neutrophils and macrophages |
| Hemolysins | Dissolve red blood cells |
| Toxigenicity | Ability of pathogens to produce toxins |
| Toxemia | Presence of toxins in the blood |
| Exotoxins | Proteins produced during bacterial metabolism |
| Neurotoxins | Act on the nervous system |
| Enterotoxins | Act on the gastrointestinal tract |
| Antitoxins | Produced by host body to neutralize toxins |
| Toxoids | Toxins whose toxicity has been destroyed but it still elicits an immune response |
| Endotoxins | Released upon disintegration of gram negative cells; cause blood coagulation; caused by gram negative bacilli |
| Portal of Exit | The route by which pathogens leave the host to spread the disease to others |
| Reservoirs | Places in the environment where a pathogen can be found |
| Carriers | Have recovered from the disease but continue to shed the disease agents; type of reservoir |
| Vector | A living organism that transmits infection |
| Vehicle | An inanimate carrier of infection |
| Communicable Disease | Contagious; transmittable among hosts in a population |
| Noncommunicable Disease | Not easily transmitted to another host; acquired directly from the environment |
| Direct Contact | Involves close or personal contact with an infected person |
| Indirect Contact | Can involve fomites and other living organisms |
| Endemic | Habitually present in low levels in a certain geographic area; town, city or statewide |
| Epidemic | Occurs in a region in excess; nationwide |
| Pandemic | A worldwide epidemic |
| Nosocomial Infections | Serious health threats associated with hospitals |
| Health Care Infections (HCI's) | Occur as a result of receiving treatment for another condition |
| Globalization | Diseases emerging anywhere in the world can be spread globally |
| Zoonoses | Diseases transmitted from other vertebrate animals to humans (over half of 1400 identified pathogens are zoonoses) |
| Infection | Invasion of microbes into tissues followed by microbial multiplication |
Created by:
dlnymarie
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