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DIT vitamins
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Thiamine | B1 |
| Retinol, retinal | A |
| pantothenic Acid | B5 |
| pyridoxine | B6 |
| alpha tocopherol | E |
| Folic Acid | B9 |
| Niacin | B3 |
| Riboflavin | B2 |
| Ascorbic Acid | C |
| cobalamin | B12 |
| Most common vitamin deficiency in the US | folic acid |
| what is the functionally active form of B1? | thiamine pyrophosphate |
| pyruvate -->acetyl coA1 alphaKG --->succinyl CoA (TCA) Ribose 5P --->glyceraldehyde 3P (HMP) | thiamine pyrophosphate plays a role |
| pyruvate-->acetyl CoA | pyruvate dehydrogenase + B1 |
| alphaKG --->succinyl CoA | alphaKG dehydrogenase + B1 |
| ribose 5P --->glyceraldehyde | transketolase + b1 |
| how is thiamine deficiency diagnosed | increase in erythrocyte transketolase activity upon add of thiamine |
| B1 deficiency syndromes | Beriberi Wernicke-Korsackoff |
| nonspecific peripheral neuropathy with myelin degeneration. toe/wrist/foot drop muscle weakness, hyporeflexia, areflexia | dry beri beri |
| peripheral vasodilation causes high output cardiac failure causes peripheral edema; cardiomegaly | wet beri beri |
| ocular disturbances, nystagmus, gait ataxia, confusion, apathy, disorientation, | wernicke-korsakoff sndrome |
| 2 biologically active forms of B2 | FMN and FAD |
| role of FMN and FAD | co-factors for oxidation-reduction reactions |
| cheilosis/angular stomatitis, dermatitis, glossitis | riboflavin, iron, niacin, folate, and B12 deficiency |
| Biologically active forms of B3 | NAD, NADP |
| role of NAD and NADP | co-factors for oxidation-reduction reactions |
| what amino acid is required for the generation of niacin? | tryptophan |
| pellagra | niacin deficiency |
| dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia | pellagra |
| what might pellagra be seen in a population that eats primarily corn? | corn lacks tryptophan |
| How does niacin help treat ytpe IIB hyperlipoproteinemia | inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue = less circulating fFAs = less FAs to live = less VLDL = less LDL |
| Main side effect of high does niacin tx of dyslipedemia? | peripheral vasodilation (flushing). give asa to lessen. |
| Role of patothenic acid in metabolism | it's a component of CoA which functions in the transfer of acyl groups |
| biologically active from of B6? | pyridoxal phosphate |
| metabolic function of pyridoxal phosphate? | coenzyme for numerous enzymes including thos of amino acid metabolism (transaminations and deaminations) |
| what drug can lead to a deficiency in B6 and B3? | INH |
| convulsion, hyperirritability and peripheral neuropathy | clinical findings of B6 deficiency |
| In what metabolic reactions is folic acid involved | purine (A,G) and thymine (T) synthesis |
| What is the biologically active form of folic acid? | Tetrahydrofolate |
| What is the intracellular storage form of folic acid? | N methyl folate |
| NTDs, growth failure, megaloblastic anemia | folic acid deficiency |
| causes megaloblastic anemia | folate and B12 deficiency |
| What is found in the center of the corrin ring of cobalamin? | cobalt |
| in what metabolic reactions is vitamin B12 involved? | homocysteine and methyl THF ---> methionine and THF; methylmalonyl coA --> succinyl Coa |
| what breaks down the R-B12 complex in the duodenum? | pancreatic proteases |
| what specific organs are involved in the absorption of B12? | salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, distal ileum |
| Schilling test | determines cause of B12 deficiency |
| megaloblastic anema, CNS sx (sensory), atrophy of stomach fundic glands, goblet cells in gastric epithelium, homocystinuria and MMA in urine | pernicious anemia |
| b12 deficiency | pernicious anemia |
| b12 neuropathy aka | subacute combined degeneration |
| what's the usual cause of B12 malabsorption | a/i destxn of gastric cells responsible for the synthesis of IF |
| Where is B12 absorbed in the GI tract | distal ileum |
| 2 malabsorption problems of the distal ileum that cause B12 deficiency | crohn's disease and celiac sprue |
| What's the metabolic role of biotin | apoenzyme in carboxylation reactions |
| avidin in egg whites | can cause a biotin deficiency by preventing absorption of biotin |
| Main metabolic reaction that vit C is inolved in? | hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues of collagen |
| sore,spongy gums, losse teeth, hemorrhage, swollen joints, impaired wound healing, anemia | Scurvy |
| Vit C def | Scurvy |
| Which of the fat soluble vitamins has a coenzyme function | vit K |
| which fat soluble vitamin is synthesized in the skin with sun exposure | vit D |
| what vitamins are known as antioxidants? | A, C,E |
| retinol, retinal, beta carotene, retinoic acid | vit a |
| how are retinol esters transported from the liver when needed? | plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP) |
| Vision, Growth, male spermatogenesis, prevents fetal resorption, maintenance of epithelial cells | vitamin A |
| Topical retinoic acid | for acne and psoriasis |
| What can be taken orall for acne | isoretinoin |
| Night blindness, Xerophthalmis, Keratomalacia, Bitot's spot | vit A def |
| dry silver gray plaques on the bulbar conjunctiva | bitot's spot |
| wrinking, clouding of cornea | keratomalacia |
| HA, N/V, stupor, dry and itchy skin, enlarged liver, bone and joint pain, increase in intracranial pressure | Vit A toxicity |
| excessive vit a in pregnant woman can cause which congenital malformations? | hydrocephalus, NCC migration issues, HOX issues |
| don't give vit A supplements to: | smokers ( inc r/o lung cancer) preggers (teratogenic) |
| How does vit D exert its actions | it interacts directly with target cell DNA to selectively stimulate or repress gene expression |
| What is the precursor of vit D3 in the skin | 7 dehydrocholesterol |
| ergocalciferol | D2 |
| cholecalciferol | D3 |
| 1,25(OH)2D | calcitriol |
| vit D def in adults | osteomalacia |
| vit D def in kids | rickets |
| what is the basic derangement in rickets/osteomalacia | excess unmineralized bone matrix |
| bow-legged, lumbar lordosis, pigeous chest, rachitic rosary | Rickets |
| overgrowth of cartilage or osteoid tissue at the costochondrial junction | rachitic rosary |
| Vit D toxicity | hypercalcemia |
| What causes vit D toxicity from excess macrophage generation? | sarcoidosis |
| Principal role of vit K | post translational modification of various clotting factors where it serves as a coenzyme in the carboxylation of certain glutamic acid residues present in these proteins |
| vit K is needed for | protein C, S, prothrombin, and CF 2,7,9,10. |
| What characterizes vit K deficiency in adults and children | hemorrhagic disease |
| pharmacologic agents that can cause vit K deficiency with long term use | coumadin, anticonvulsants, abx |
| vit K tox | hemolytic anemia and jaundice in an infacnt |
| primary function of vit E | antioxidant - prevention of the nonenzymatic oxidation of cell components (esp RBCs) by molecular oxygen free radicals |
| what is a/w vit E deficiency | spinocerebellar degeneration (ATAXIA) peripheral neuropathy and proximal muscle weakness |
| mutations in what gene results in the autosomal recessive hereditary vit E deficiency? | alpha tocopherol transfer gene protein |
Created by:
kayjames
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