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blood vessels chap19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are blood vessels | the delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at the heart |
| Arteries take blood where | away from the heart and to the body |
| All arteries are what (except for pulmonary artery and umbillical vessels of fetus) | oxygenated |
| What are capillaries | vessels that contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs |
| What are veins | vessels that carry blood back toward the heart |
| All veins are what (except for pulmonary veins) | deoxygenated |
| What are the walls of arteries and veins | tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa |
| Tunica intima is what | the innermost tunic |
| Tunica media is what | the middle tunic |
| Tunica externa is what | the outermost tunic |
| What is the lumen | the central blood containing space of the artery or vein |
| What are capillaries made of | endothelium with sparse basal lamina |
| Veins are formed when what | venules converge |
| Veins have what kind of walls | thin |
| Veins have larger what than arteries | lumens |
| Is blood pressure lower in veins or arteries | veins |
| Veins have a thin what | tunica media |
| Veins have a thick what | tunica externa |
| The thick tunica externa consists of what | collagen fibers and elastic network |
| veins are also known as what | capacitance vessels (blood resevoirs) |
| What is blood flow | the volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ, or entire circulation in a given period of time |
| Blood flow is measured as what | mil per min |
| Blood flow is equivalent to | cardiac output for the entire vascular system |
| Blood flow is constant when | when at rest |
| blood flow varies widely through what | individual organs |
| The variation is based on what | needs |
| What is blood pressure | the force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood |
| BP is expressed in what | mmHg |
| BP is measured as what in arteries near the heart | systemic arterial BP |
| The pressure gradient in BP provides | the driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas |
| Peripheral resistance is what | the opposition to flow; measure of amount of friction the blood encounters |
| Peripheral resistance is generally encountered in where | the peripheral systemic circulation |
| What are the 3 sources of resistance | blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter |
| In the systemic blood pressure, the pumping action of the heart generates | blood flow |
| pressure results when | flow is opposed by resistance |
| The highest blood pressure is in what | the aorta |
| BP declines throughout | pathway |
| In the right atrium there is _ mmHg | 0 |
| The steepest drop in systemic blood pressure happens where | the arterioles |
| Arterial blood pressure reflects what two facts of the arteries close to the heart | elasticity (complience/distensibility) and volume of blood forced into arteries close to the heart |
| Blood pressure near the heart is called | pulsatile |
| What is systolic pressure | the pressure exerted during ventricular contraction |
| Diastolic pressure is what | the lowest level of arterial pressure |
| What is pulse pressure | difference between systolic and diastolic pressure |
| What is mean arterial pressure | the pressure that propels the blood to tissues |
| MAP= | diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure |
| Map and pulse pressure both decline with what | increasing distance from the heart |
| What are 3 factors aiding venus return | respiratory pump, muscular pump, and vasoconstriction of veins |
| What happens in the respiratory pump | pressure changes created during breathing move blood toward the heart squeezing the abdominal vein as thoracic veins expand |
| What happens in muscular pump | contraction of skeletal muscles milk the blood toward the heart and the valves prevent back flow |
| When does vasoconstriction of veins occur | under sympathetic control |
| The mainintaining of blood pressure requires what | cooperation of the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys with supervision by the brain |
| What are the main factors influencing the brian | cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume |
| How does short term neural and hormonal controls control blood pressure | counteracts fluctuations in blood pressure by altering peripheral resistance |
| How does long term renal regulation aid in control of blood pressure | it counteracts fluctuations in blood pressure by altering blood volume |
| Blood pressure cycles over | 24 hrs |
| Blood pressure peaks when | in the morning due to levels of hormones |
| What else may vary blood pressure | age, sex, weight, race, mood, posture |
| What is orthostatic hypotension | temporary low blood pressure and dizziness when suddenly standing from a sitting position |
| What is chronic hypotension | indicates poor nutrition and a warning sign for addisons disease or hypothyroidism |
| Acute hypotension is an important sign of what | circulatory shock |
| What is circulatory shock | any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled or blood cannot circulate normally |
| Circulatory shock results in | inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs |
| Hypovolemic shock results from what | large scale blood loss |
| Vascular shock results from what | extreme vasodialation and decreased peripheral resistance |
| Cardiogenic shock results when | an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation |
| What are the 2 main circulations | pulmonary and systemic |
| Pulmonary circulation | short loop that runs from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart |
| Systemic circulation | long loop to all parts of the body and back to the heart |
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