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General Biology II 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are dinoflagellates? | unicellular photosynthetic algae |
| What are Cellulose-forming rosette? | protein arrays embedded in the plasma membrane that function in synthesizing cellulose to be used in forming the cell wall |
| What are peroxisomes? | organelle that reduces free radicals in the cell |
| What are photorespiration? | consumes oxygen and ATP and produces CO2 but not sugars leading to a net energy loss |
| What are phragmosplast? | group of microtubules and microfilaments that functions as a scaffold for cell plate assembly and is required for the formation of the cell wall following cell division |
| What is molecular genetic data? | close DNA sequence similarityNon |
| What is the embryophyte definition of the kingdom planate? | a plant is defined as retaining an embryo with the embryo dependent on the parent (excludes green algae) |
| What are the three plant kingdoms? | viridiplantae, sterptophyta, embryophytes |
| What kingdom includes embryophytes (land plants) and green algae (chlorophytes and charophytes)? | viridiplantae |
| What kingdom includes only embryophytes and the charophytes? | streptophyta |
| What kingdom includes only land plants? | embryophytes |
| what are embryophytes? | land plants |
| what are green algae? | chlorophytes and charophytes |
| What is a cuticle? | wax polymer that helps prevent drying out and protects from microbial attack |
| What are secondary compounds? | toxins to protect against herbivores |
| What is Alternation of generations? | plants alternate between 2 multicellular generations (gametophyte and sporophyte |
| What is a gametophyte (n)? | produces gametes through mitosis |
| What is a sporophyte(2n)? | produces haploid spores through meiosis |
| What is meiosis? | chromosome number is halved (2n-->n) and the daughter cells are genetically distinct from the parents and from each other |
| what is mitosis? | chromosome number is maintained (2n-->2m or n-->n) and the daughter cells are genetically identical |
| What is the sporangium? | organ that protects developing spores, site of meiosis found on the sporophyte |
| what is the sporopollenin? | polymer that coats spores and allows survival in harsh conditions, can't dry out |
| What are gametangia? | multicellular organs that produces gametes and are found within the gametophyte |
| what are archegonia? | female gametangia that is the sire of egg production and fertilization |
| what is the antheridia? | male gametangia that is the site of sperm production |
| What are apical meristems? | pool of stem cells |
| What are stem cells? | unspecialized cells capable of self renewal that are capable of differentiating into multiple cell types |
| What are bryophytes? | nonvascular plants |
| what are mosses? | most closely related to vascular plants |
| What is paraphyletic (glade)? | includes a common ancestor and some of it descendants |
| What is a seed? | 2n, embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat |
| What are gymnosperms? | conifers |
| What are angiosperms? | flowering plants |
| What is monophletic (clade)? | Trueincludes the common ancestor and all of its descendants |
| What is a gametophore? | immature gametophyte |
| What is a rhizoid? | not a root, but does function as an anchor for the plant |
| What is a sphagnum? | a bryophyte with economic, ecological, and archaeological significance |
| What is peat? | partially decayed organic material that is global reservoir of organic carbon formed by sphagnum |
| What is vascular tissue? | allows for the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant and also functions in structure and support against gravity |
| What are roots? | multicellular organs that anchor plant, absorb H2O and minerals, store organic nutrients |
| What do prop roots do? | provide structural support for small plants |
| What do aerial roots do? | absorb moisture from air found in epiphytes |
| What are epiphytes? | grows on surface of another plant |
| what do pneumatophores do? | gas exchange |
| What do water storage roots do? | stores H2O |
| What do buttress roots do? | provide structural support for tall tress |
| what do stems do? | position leaves for maximal exposure and flowers for the greatest access for pollinators |
| What is an apical bud? | terminal bud where the apical meristem is found and allows fro a young shoot to grow |
| What is an axillary bud? | allows branching of the platen and can also be the sire of either leaves or flowers. Stem cells are also present here |
| What is a node? | the position of the leaf attachment to the stem |
| What is an internode? | the region between nodes |
| What do bulb stems do? | vertical, underground shoots that function in food storage |
| What do rhizome stems do? | horizontal shoot that grows just beneath the surface that has leaves coming directly off it |
| What do Runner stems do? | grows horizontally along the surface and function in allowing for asexual reproduction |
| What do stolon stems do? | functions in the storage of nutrients |
| What is a tuber? | the storage portion of a stolon |
| What is a tendril stem do? | enables climbing |
| What do cladophyll stems do? | flattened, photosyntheic stem |
| What is a lenticel? | functions in gas exchange in woody plants |
| What is bark? | nonliving material covering living material |
| What are leaves? | photosynthetic structure in plants designed to capture sunlight |
| What are petiole? | the stalk that grows from the stem |
| What are window leaves? | function to allow photosynthesis to take place underground. Found in succulent plants |
| What are carnivores leaves? | trap insects to obtain nitrogen |
| What are bract leaves? | surround true flowers that function in providing further attraction for pollinators |
| What are reproductive leaves? | plant lets that are capable of growing independently from parent plant. Asexual reproduction |
| What is vascular tissue? | Transports minerals and water and food |
| What is ground tissue? | function in storage, photosynthesis, structural support, and companion cells |
| what is dermal tissue? | protective layer that is the first line of defense for plants |
| What is the epidermis? | single later of tightly packed cells |
| What is the stomata? | small opening that allows for passage of photosynthetic gases and the release of water vapor. |
| What are guard cells? | bean-shaped cells that contain chloroplast so they are able to function in photosynthesis and flank an opening called stoma |
| What do pavement cells do? | make cells packed tightly together |
| What are trichomes? | either single-celled or multicellular hair-like outgrowths of the epidermis fond on stems, leaves, and reproductive organs. |
| What are glandulars? | produce a secreted product. |
| What are root hairs? | tubular extension of epidermal cells that greatly |
| what is vascular tissue? | transports water and nutrients long distances throughout the plants body |
| What is xylem? | transports absorbed water and minerals upward from the roots to the shoots and provides structural support for the plant |
| What is phloem? | transports organic materials from the site of synthesis to other parts of the plant's body |
| What are vessels? | cells that are joined to form continuous tubes that are DEAD at functional maturity |
| What are tracheids? | cells that are joined to form a continuous tube that are DEAD at functional maturity and have secondary cell walls that are lignified to provide structural support and allow the plant to stand up |
| What does lignid mean? | very rigid material |
| What is sieve-tube elements? | hollowed out living cells that form tubes and lack a nucleus and cellular organelles |
| What are companion cells? | provide all metabolic functions for sieve-tube elements |
| What are plasmodesmata? | cytoplasmic connections between companion cells and sieve-tube elements that are found only in plants |
| What is ground tissue? | all tissues that are not dermal or vascular |
| what is pith? | ground tissue internal to vascular tissue |
| What is the cortex? | ground tissue external to vascular tissue |
| What are parenchyma cells? | function in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion |
| What are chlorenchyma? | photosynthetic parenchyma cells that contain a chloroplast |
| what are primary walls? | synthesized in a newly formed cells |
| what are secondary walls? | innermost layer of the cell wall is usually lignified and directly continuous with cytoplasm |
| What are collenchyma? | cells are grouped in strands have thick uneven cell walls, and function to provide structural support |
| What is sclerenchyma? | cells that function in providing rigid mechanical support and psses lignified secondary cell walls |
| What are sclereids? | short, irregular |
| What are fibers? | long and slender cells arranged in threads |
| What is the endodermis? | the boundary of the cortex and the vascular bundle in dicots |
| What is the pericylce? | cells that can divide to form lateral roots and is just interior to the endodermis of dicots |
| What is the casparian strip? | waterproof strip that forces water though the plasma membrane rather than around cells |
| What suberin? | fatty substance making it water proof |
| What is palisade mesophyll? | directly below the epidermis made of parenchyma that function in photosynthesis |
| What is spongy mesophyll? | below the palisade mesophyll made a loosely packed parenchyma that function in gas exchange and release water |
| What is transgenic? | combining a DNA sequence from two organic organism |
| What are agrobacterium tunefaciens? | soil pathogenic bacterium |
| What is plasmids? | small, DS circular DNA molecules commonly used in bacteria to encode things like antibiotic resistance or other genes that might be favorable to a bacteria living under certain condition |
| What is restriction site? | DNA sequence that is recognized by a restriction enzyme and is cleaved by the restriction enzyme at phosphodiester bonds |
| What is dermaseptin? | chemical produced by frog skin cells that has antibacterial and anti fungal properties |
| What is agrobacteriu tumefaciens? | soil pathogenic bacterium |
| What does genetically modified mean? | selective breeding techniques use of molecular techniques to modify the genome |
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