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Micro Test 3.2012
test 3 for micro nursing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the Functions of the Nose? | Vibrissae to trap large particles. Mucous glands, lysozyme, defensins |
| What is Vibrissae | Hair in the nostrils that traps large particles from entering the lungs |
| What does Mucous glands do? | secretes mucous, serous glands secrete watery substance with lysozyme. |
| What does the sticky nature of mucous do? | traps debris |
| What does lysozyme do? | kills bacteria. |
| What does the serous gland secrete? | Lysozyme. |
| What in the mucous acts as a natural antibiotic? | Defensins. |
| what does defensisn do? | acts as a natural antibiotic. |
| What is cilia responsible for? | to move mucus toward the throat. |
| What is "strep-throat" caused by | Streptococcus pyogens |
| If seen on a gram stain would it be positive or negative? | Gram-Positive Cocci |
| Does strep. pyogenes hemolyis? | Beta hemolytic. |
| How are S.Pyogens spread? | Spread by droplet, and can be transmitted through sharing food. |
| What are the symptoms related to Strep. Pyogenes? | Sudden, severe sore throat, pain when swallowing, fever over 101, swollen tonsils and lymph nodes, white or yellow spots. |
| I have sudden severe sore throat, pain when swallowing, fever over 101, and yellow spots what am I? | "strep-throat" Steptococcus pyogenes. |
| What can streptococcus pyogens progress too? | Scarlet Fever |
| Why can strep. pyogenes progress to scarlet fever? | the release of exotoxins. |
| What are the s/s of Scarlet fever? | Fever over 101, body rash, and strawberry rash on tongue. |
| Fever over 101, body rash, strawberry rash on tongue, what am I? | Scarlet Fever. |
| What are some tests we can do to diagnose Strep. pyogens? | exam, rapit test-antigen, throat culture |
| Can you gram stain a throat culture? | NO. |
| What are treatments for Strep. Pyogenes? | Antibiotics-penicillin family, and to treat symptoms. |
| Caused by corynebacterium diphtheriae; exotoxin causes- fever, swelling of lymph nodes, and difficulty swallowing, you also have leathery patches that develops on the tonsils, what am I? | Diphtheria |
| Diphtheria is caused by? | Corynebacterium diphtheriae. |
| What develops on the tonsils with diphtheria? | Leathery patches AKA Pseudomembrane |
| Exotoxins from diphtheria cause? | fever, swelling of lymph nodes, & difficulty swallowing. |
| What gram is Corynebacterium? What Shape is it? | Gram Positive rod. Club Shaped |
| Is Corynebacterium diphtheriae motile? | No it is non motile. |
| What air quality does Corynebacterium diphtheriae prefer? | Aerobic |
| Upper Respiratory Tract, symptoms include sore throat, low fever, and involves the pseudo membrane what am I? | Corynebacterium diptheriae |
| What can you use to diagnose Corynebacterium diphtheriae | Pseudomembrane, neck swelling, and throat culture. |
| What is the treatment for Corynebacterium diptheriae> | Person must get immediate help, antitoxin is give, and so are antibiotics such as Penicillin, the recovery is very slow |
| Rinoviruse | The common cold. |
| RNA Based | Rhinovirues |
| How can rhinoviruse be transmitted? | Aerosols, fomites |
| These are stable for hours and can spread the Rhinovirus what am I? | Formites |
| What is the most common route for transmission of Rhinovirus? | Nose |
| These symptoms discharging from nasal passages, sneezing, slight fever, and possible sore throat belong to? | Rhinovirus |
| How do you diagnosis Rhinovirus? | Clinical presentation and culture. |
| What is the treatment for Rhinovirus? | No treatment, ASA for symptoms. |
| This is a DNA based virus, and very stable one, Where is this virus first isolated from? | Adenoid tissue |
| This virus is found in the adenoid tissue and is DNA based, what am I? | Adenovirus. |
| This virus has a prolonged survival and a 50% re-infection rate do you know what I am? | Adenovirus. |
| How is adenovirus transmitted? | direct, fecal-oral, and waterbourne. |
| This virus appears as a cold, croup, and bronchitis and lasts 3-5 days. | Adenovirus. |
| How do you diagnose Adenovirus? | Nasal swabs, or washings, RT-PCR and cell culture. |
| What is the treatment for adenovirus? | There is no treatment. |
| Infalmmation of the alveoli, gas exchange cannot properly occur what am I? | Pneumonia |
| Symptoms of this include pain in the chest with coughing , coughing blood, and has fatigue, headache and mulscle soreness what am I? | Pneumonia. |
| What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia? | Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| Haemophilus influenzae, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila can cause? | Bacterial pneumonia |
| Strep. Pneumoniae have gram _____ and _____ cocci. | Positive, lancet |
| Strep. Pneumoniae contains normal____ and likes what kind of air, can this hemolyis blood? | Normal flora, is aerotolerant (likes air but prefers not) and it is Alpha-hemolytic partial blood eater, has greening. |
| This disease is divided into two forms lobar, and bronchial can you tell me what the disease is and which one is for what? | Strep. pneumoniae, lobar is younger adult, bronchial is for infants, younge children and the elderly |
| Tell me strep. pneumoniae symptoms | Fever, chills, headache, cough, chest pain, disorientation, and SOB |
| How do you diagnose S.Pneumoniae? | Sputum or respiratory cultures, Gram stain, hemolysis, and Optichin |
| Treatment for s.pneumoniae? | Penicillin and takes 24-48 hours |
| This is a naturally acquired disease, foudn in infants and small children may be seen in adults and is a bacterial form of influenza. | Hemophilus influenzae |
| hemophilus influenzae is a gram ______, and is motile or non? This loves ____ which are x and V factors | Gram negative rod, non-motile, and loves Heme |
| What is Heme? | Blood componet needed by haemophilis |
| This loves blood but cannot not break it down, and is gram negative what am I? | Hemophilus Influenzae |
| Chocolate auger is used for _____. The quad plate is also used for this. | Hemophilus influenzae |
| in a quad plate you have one side ____ and ____ on the other, one quad hose horse blood which has ____ & ____ in it, and one quad has just ____ & ____? | X & V, has X&V, X&V |
| What is the disease process for Hemophilus influenzae? | Think Flu start in the nose to the sinus to the ear down your throat to your lungs leading to pneumonia and possible joint infections or meningitis. |
| What are the diagnostic tests for H.Influenzae | Respiratory culture, PCR, and blood culture |
| What is treatment for H. Influenzae | Third generation cephalosporins |
| Whooping Cough what is it caused by, and what gram is it, where is it found? | Caused by Bordetella pertussis, gram negative coccobacillus (oval shaped)and found in respiratory tract. |
| Humans are the sole reservoir what am I? | Whooping cough. |
| I produce two toxins FHA, and PTX what are my names and what am I? | Filamentous hemagglutin, pertussis toxin and Whooping cough |
| What is the transmission of whooping cough? | Highly communicable, direct contact, through nasal, oral, respiratory secretions and can spread up to 3 weeks after coughing episodes |
| Whooping cough has three distinct stages what are they? | Catarrhal, paroxysmal, & Convalescent |
| This stage of whooping cough last 1-2 weeks and has a mild cough, fever, and runny nose what am I? | Catarrhal |
| This stage of whooping cough last 2-3 weeks and you have a burst of coughing with gasping for air. | Paroxysmal |
| This stage of whooping cough last 3-26 weeks and the cough slowly decreases | convalescent |
| What are some complications of whooping cough? | death related to bacterial pneumonia, ear infections, seizures, loss of appetite, dehydration weight loss and hypoxia. |
| How do you diagnose whooping cough? | Nasophyaryngeal aspirate or nasal swab, with the bordet-gengou potato glycerol ager, the chardcoal-horse blood ager, PCR, ELISA, and presumptive diagnosis |
| What is the treatment of Whooping cough? | Erythromycin, possible hospitalization do to having to have mucus suctioning and monitoring respiratory distress |
| How can you prevent Whooping cough? | with vaccinations the DPat & Tdap |
| tuberculosis | 1/3 of the population |
| what is the bug for tuberculosis | mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| mycobacterium tuberculosis this is an _____ _____ rod? | acid fast |
| does TB like air or not? | Yes it is aerobic |
| does TB grow fast or slow | Slow |
| this wax is found in the cell wall of mycobacterium tuberculosis what is it? | Mycolic acid wax |
| what is the transmission of TB? | Droplets |
| what are the symptoms of TB? | bad cough 3 weeks or longer, chest pain, coughing up blood or sputum, weakness or fatigue, weight loss, and no appetite. |
| how do you diagnose TB | sputum or tissue culture, florescence staining, and acid fast staining |
| this is given sub cutaneous, and has to be read 72 hours after given what is it? | PPD |
| This is a major cause of epidemics and pandemics, and numerous strains exist what am I? | Influenza |
| Antigenic shift | large changes that completely alter antigen apperance |
| antigenic drift | small changes to antigens with time |
| Is influenza rna or dna based? | RNA based |
| what two types of influenza exsist? | Type A & B |
| Influenza A are found in many species can you tell me the ones found in humans and the ones that are avian strains? | H1,3,9 are human H5 and 7 are avian |
| Influenza B is usually only found in ______. This flue also has two names what are they? | Humans, shanghai, and malaysia |
| symptoms of the flu are | High fever, headache tiredness (can be extreme) dry cough, sore throat, stuffy nose, body aches, diarrhea and vomiting |
| How do you diagnose the flu? | rapid flu test which has high sensitivity and high specificity. PCR testing which is very specific |
| What is the treatment of the Flu? | Tamiflu, relenza and treat symptoms |
| What is the very top layer of the skin called looking for two differnt names. | Epidermis, stratum corneum |
| What happens to the cells on the top layer of the skin? | Dead cells are sloughed off |
| what is Keratin? | a Protein. |
| what is two things keratin is for? | waterproof the skin, and protects skin from microbial invasion. |
| how often is the epidermis replaced? | every 25-45 days |
| is there nerve ending or blood vessels in the top layer of the skin? | no nerve ending or blood vessels in the stratum corneum |
| this is a source for epidermis cells, has connective tissue, as well as nerves, and blood vessels what am I? | Dermis |
| Dermis contains this? | lymphatic, hair follicles, glands |
| What do the glands in the dermis produce | Sebum, and lysozyme |
| the fattty layer of the skin? | subcutaneous layer |
| tell me two facts about normal flora | passed from others immediately after birth and survive dry and salty conditions. |
| there are three types of normal flora what are they? | Diptheroids (PROPIONBACTERIUM acne), Micrococci (staphylococcus epidermis), & yeast (candida albicans) |
| what is Diptheroids | propionbacterium acnes |
| what is micrococci | staphylococcus epidermis |
| Yeast | Candid albicans |
| what is the causative agent for acne? | Propionibacterium acnes |
| Is acne part of the normal flora? | Yes acne is part of normal flora |
| How is Acne diagnosed? | Clinical presentation |
| What type of infection is Acne? | follicle associated infection |
| What types of acne is there? | Whiteheads, blackheads, Pustule, and Cysts |
| Propionibacterium acnes is a gram _____ _____. it prefers to grow in a _______ environment. It grows _______. it is a very common ______ contaminant. | Gram positive rod, anaerobic, slow, blood |
| what are myths of acne? | its from being dirty, caused by what you eat, and washing face often prevents acne. |
| What is treatment for Acne | antibiotics (topical or oral) |
| What does SSS stand for? | Staphylococcal scolded skin syndrome |
| What is SSS caused by | Staphylococcus aureus |
| s.aureus is a gram ____ ____ and what is a test that you can perform? | gram positive cocci and is catalase positive |
| This is most common in infants and children under 5 | SSS |
| SSS is due to _____ production | exotoxin production |
| _______ toxin causes the major signs and symptoms of SSS. | Exofoliative |
| how do you diagnosis Scalded Skin syndrome | Case history (presention), and Tissue biopsy & culture |
| What is the treatment for SSS? | usually in burn unit treated with Vancomycin or Clindamycin. |
| what is the outcome of SSS | Very good usually healed within 10 day |
| What are the two types of Impetigo? | Staph. aureus & strep. pyogenes |
| What is Impetigo? | Peeling skin |
| Impetigo Staph. Aureus is associated with a number of diseases and has four enzymes name them. | Coagulase, hyaluronidase, staphylokinase |
| Impetigo (Staph. aureus)Coagulase what is it? | causes blood to clot |
| Hyaluronidase causes | increased permeability into tissues |
| Staphylokinase causes | inflammation |
| lipases causes | inflammation. |
| Impetigo Strep. Pyogenes is associated with a number of disease and is _____ hemolytic. | Beta |
| Strep. pyogenes has ____ protein which prevents _______ activity. | M protein and macrophages |
| Pathogenesis of S. pyogenes involves _____ of _____ to _____, which can _____ host tissue | conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, degrade |
| HOw do you prevent impetigo? | good hygiene |
| What is the clinical presentation in s. aureus (impetigo) | seen often in older children and adults, seen on gram stain and in culture |
| what is the clinical presentation in s. pyogenes (impetigo) | seen most often in newborns, seen on gram stain and in culture. |
| what are two types of skin rashes? | Vesicular or pustular rash diseases, maculopapular rash diseases. |
| Vesicular Rash diseases are? | elevated lesions filled with fluid |
| name two types of viral infections with Vesicular rash. | Chickenpox (Varicella-zoster) and Smallpox (variola) |
| Chichenpox is _____ and is _____. Can be life threatening for ________ individuals. | Common, benign and immunocompromised |
| Recuperation can result in _____-____ virus infection and can reemerge as _____ (skin lesion) | Varicella-Zoster, shingles |
| Chicken pox reemerges as shingles due to? | stress, x-ray treatments, drug therapy or developing malignancy can cause reemerge of? |
| small px was eliminated due to? | world wide vaccine and herd immunity |
| Very infectious viral disease (epidemic) | Smallpox |
| Considered a bioterrorism agent | Smallpox |
| what is the name for chicken pox? | varicella-zoster |
| What is the name for smallpox? | Variola |
| what type of vaccine is used for chicken pox? | attenuated vaccine (a weakend live vacine) |
| what type of vaccine is used for smallpox? | Live virus vaccine called Vaccinia |
| what type of lesions do you have with chicken pox and where do they start? | superficial lesions, starts on the central body |
| This pox has the ability to be latent | Chickenpox |
| Smallpox could present with? and where does it start at? | Fever, rash w/deep lesions and starts on the extremities |
| Maculopapular Rashes are? | Flat to slightly raised colored bumps |
| What are the three R's for maculopapular rashes | Rubeola (measles), Rubella (german measles) and Roseola. |
| What is Rubeola | measles |
| What is Rubella | German measles |
| GI Flora what does Carbohydrate digestion do? | Breakdown Polysaccharides. |
| Gi- Chemical manufacturing | produces acids needed by the body |
| In GI flora what vitamin is produced? | Vitamin K |
| Gi Flora may aid in | carcinogen excretion, and allergy prevention, may prevent specific bowel diseases |
| Gi flora controls ____ and has a____ effect. | gut cell proliferation and barrier. |
| Dental Caries is also known as | tooth decay and cavities. |
| what is the causative bacteria of dental caries? | Streptococcus mutans & lactobacilli (gram + rods) |
| What is Plaque? | areas of bacteria colonies |
| what can lactic acid do? | demineralize teeh |
| what can flouride do? | may strengthen teeth. |
| what is the treatment for dental caries | fillings, crowns, and may need root canal. |
| what is gingivitis caused by | actinomyces |
| what gram is actinomyces, and what air does it like and how does it develop. | gram positive rod, facultative anaerobe (lives is both but prefers anerobic) develops slowly |
| what is gingivitis? | inflammation, tissue destructioin,lesions between teeth and gingiva. |
| what can reduce bacteria proliferation. | oral hygiene |
| what is the treatment for gingivitis | scaling (deep cleaning), brushing, flossing (prevents) |
| What is Cholera | an acute; diarrheal illness. |
| what is cholera caused by | Vibrio Cholerae |
| Vibrio Cholerae is a gram _____, and is ______ shaped. | Gram negative rod, comma shaped. |
| Is Vibrio cholerae motile? | Yes vibrio is motile. |
| this is sheathed, and has polar flagellum what am I? | Vibrio Cholerae. |
| What air quality does Cholera prefer? | facultative anaerobe. |
| Cholera has a ___ to ____ day incubation. | 1 to 5 days |
| Cholera is caused by ______ producing strains | exotoxin |
| Cholera produces? | cholerae toxin (enterotoxin) |
| Cholera is responsible for notorious characteristics what is it? | exhaustive diarrhea. |
| There are multiple symptoms to cholera name them. | mild diarrhea to sudden severe diarrhea (loss of 20-30l day) rice water stools, muscle cramping, vomiting (50%) death if untreated. Dehydration, shock, acidosiis and can lead to death. |
| How do you diagnose Cholera? | clinical symptoms, stool culture (tcbs agar) Blood test, Elisa. |
| The TCBS is specific what is specific for? | microbioligist have to know to add this test, it is specific for vibro collera. it is very salty ager and has sucrose that collera ferments. |
| What other agar is used for cholera? | Blood ager and it beta hemolytic. |
| What is the treatment of Cholera? | immediate oral rehydration, ABT: tetracycline (to try to kill organism) and antitoxin (bc toxins are realing from the cell.) |
| What is Salmonella caused by? | Salmonella specias |
| what gram is salmonella? | gram negative rod |
| Is it motile or non? | Motile |
| What agar plate would you use for salmonella and why? | Hectone plate because salmonella produces h2s |
| all 2300 serotype Salmonella is pathogenic to humas and salmonella typhi can lead to? | Typhi Fever |
| where is salmonella found and how is Salmonella spread? | Found in fowel (birds) and other animals, spread by fecal matter or urine, and penetrate intestinal walls. |
| what can salmonella lead to? | Gastroenteritis (infection leading to nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain) |
| What are the symptoms of Salmonella? | fever, headache, nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. |
| Salmonella may lead to Typhoid fever what would be the s/s of this? | Persistent fever, abdominal pain, severe anorexia, constipation or mild diarrhea and may lead to delirium. |
| How do you diagnosis Salmonella? | Stool culture, and serio type. Age of stool is important do not let sit for more than 1 hour. |
| What is the most common type of salmonella? | z-23 from turtles |
| what is the treatment for Salmonella | usually self limiting resolves in 2-5 days, surveilance usually you find out you had salmonella through the health department calling you and asking you about your outbreak. |
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krw882
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