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BIO110 Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define nervous system | network of cells (neurons), present in all multicellular animals other than sponges, that collects information about the organism's internal & external environments, processes that info, and sends signals to muscles/glands in response to the info |
| Define effector | a structure that can be triggered in response to a stimulus; aids in the maintenance of homeostasis by opposing or reducing changes in the internal environment in response to changes in the external environment |
| Three functions of the nervous system | receive input--collects info about the internal/external environment; process info--interprets incoming stimuli & determines response; initiate response--sends signals to muscles & glads in response to the internal/external environment |
| Compare peripheral & central nervous systems | Peripheral: composed of neurons that together called nerves that collect/pass info to muscles and glands; has afferent & efferent neurons Central: brain/spinal cord; gets info from sensory cells & passes on instruction to other parts to respond to stimul |
| Compare nerves, neurons, & glial cells | Nerves: group of neurons bundled together w/ connective tissue Neurons: "excitable" cell that receives/transmits signals; made up of dendrites, axon, & cell body Glial Cells: cells of nervous tissue that support/provide nutrients to neurons; neuroglia |
| Parts of a neuron | dendrites, axon, cell body |
| dendrites | sense/respond to stimulation from outside the cell & send that info toward cell body |
| axon | long tube-like projection that extends from the cell body and transmits signals to other cells |
| cell body | contains the nucleus and other cellular machinery |
| Action potential | an electrical signal that travels along an axon, from a neuron to another neuron, a muscle cell, or a gland cell |
| Neuron signaling path | AP travels as voltage-sensitive gates open & close each section of axon goes... 1) from resting, -70 2) to depolarized, +30, b/c of Na+ influx & 3)back to depolarized, b/c of K+ out flux |
| membrane potential | difference in charge across a membrane |
| polarized | when there is a membrane potential, cell is polarized |
| classes of neurons | sensory, interneuron (entirely within the CNS), motor (to effectors: skeletal, smooth, & cardiac muscle, and glands) |
| myelin sheath | a fatty coating that insulates the axon; prevents the action potential from weakening as it travels down the axon; has gaps to allow for ions to pass through |
| Explain how neurotransmitters allow transmission of signal across the synapse | 1) AP reaches axon terminal, vesicles fuse w/ presynaptic membrane & release neurotrans. into synapse 2) neurotrans. bind to receptor sites on postsynaptic membrane of other cell 3) channel opens & allows ions to flow in, stimulating or inhibiting it, etc |
| neurotransmitters can be... | 1) excitatory (Na+ channels open) increases change that postsynaptic neuron will fire 2) inhibitory (K+ channels open) reduce likelihood of firing in postsynaptic neuron |
| Nonrephinephrine | excitatory--activation of sympathetic receptors |
| dopamine | inhibitory--prevent overstimulation of muscle excitatory--"high" at some synapses Parkinsons=reduced dopamine production |
| serotonin | excitatory--positive emotion/sleep & wake cycles |
| sensory neuron | a type of neuron that collects information from an animal's environment; its dendrites are modified to respond directly to external stimulation--temperature, touch, taste, smell, light, or sound |
| steps brain goes through... | 1) receives sensory info 2) makes association comparisons 3) analyzes, evaluates, & decides...with integration of emotion 4) stores memories 5) sends commands |
| Cerebrum | (CONSCIOUS inputs/outputs) sensation, voluntary movement, conscious thought |
| Diencephalon | (includes hypothalamus (hormones) & amygdala (neg./primal emotions)) memory, emotion, body rhythms, link to endocrine system hypothalamus=boss of endocrine system |
| Cerebellum | coordinates motor movements; "Little brain"; 11% brain mass; balance, posture, eye movements, alcohol affects rapidly |
| Brain stem | heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, coughing, vomiting |
| Cerebral lobes | Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, & Temporal |
| Frontal Lobe | voluntary skeletal muscle control, planning, decisions, verbal communication area: Broca's area (left side) |
| Parietal Lobe | Primary general sensory input; touch, pressure, pain vibration, taste, temp; makes it possible to understand speech/written words-->Wernicke's area |
| Occipital Lobe | Conscious perception of visual input (sight) |
| Temporal Lobe | conscious perception of auditory & olfactory inputs (sound & hearing) |
| Sequence of lobes... | Sensations enter the top, back, & sides of the brain, then send signals to the frontal lobe for planning and decisions & then commands get send from the back edge of the frontal lobe |
| Left hemisphere specialties | logic, math, languages |
| Right hemisphere specialties | spatial ability, emotion, art, music, intuition |
| dyslexia | a lack of hemisphere dominance |
| Drugs effect on brain | Drugs trick the brain's signaling system by mimicking neurotransmitters. can produce euphoric sensations, reduce depression, & block pain |
| Endocrine system | organ system comprising glands and cells that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that act on target cells to regulate body functions and maintain homeostasis |
| Hormone | chemical signal that responds to environmental variables, found in both plants and animals |
| How endocrine system works | 1) Endocrine glands make & release chem. signals that stimulate a response in a target tissue elsewhere in body 2) transport via bloodstream #) target cells detect & respond --signal lasts longer than NS & takes longer to send a message |
| pheromone | molecules released by an individual into the environment that trigger behavioral or physiological responses in other individuals |
| paracine regulator | chemical that is secreted from a cell & acts locally. paracrine regulators generally diffuse through intracellular fluid from the tissue in which they are produced to nearby tissue, binding to receptors of neighboring cells and influencing their activity |
| Relationship between hypothalamus & pituitary gland | hypothalamus controls other glands & pituitary releases or inhibits hormones; hypothalamus controls secretions of the pituitary |
| Anterior pituitary gland | FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone), LH (Luteinizing hormone), ACTH (Adrenocroticotropin), TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone), Prolactin, MSH (Melanocyte stimulating hormone), GH (growth hormone) |
| Posterior pituitary gland | ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) & Oxytocin |
| FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) | males: sperm production females: follicle (pocket of cells in ovaries) production, egg development, & estrogen/progesterone |
| LH (Luteinizing hormone) | males: testosterone females: ovulation, estrogen, & progesterone |
| ACTH (Adrenocroticotropin) | triggers Aldosterone which causes Na+ reabsorption by kidneys; increases Na+ in blood |
| TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) | stimulates the thyroid, thyroxin: regulates metabolism |
| Prolactin | milk production (females) |
| MSH (Melanocyte stimulating hormone) | stimulates melanocytes |
| GH (Growth hormone) | all cells (growth & division) |
| ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) | kidneys |
| Oxytocin | uterus |
| Behavior | encompasses any and all of the actions performed by an organism, often in response to its environment or to the actions of another organism |
| innate | don't require any environmental input to develop; instinctual |
| fixed action pattern | a sequence of behaviors that requires no learning, does not vary, and once started, runs to completion |
| sign stimulus | an external signal that triggers the innate behavior called a fixed action pattern |
| adaptation | the process by which, as a result of natural selection, organisms become better matched to their environment; also, a specific feature, such as the quills of a porcupine, that makes an organism more fit |
| altruism | behavior that APPEARS selfless meaning all costs & no benefits |
| fitness | # of fertile offspring you have; frequency with which you pass on genes; its an adaptive behavior |
| kin fitness | keeping family's genes moving forward (also indirect) |
| inclusive fitness | sum of direct and indirect fitness |
| direct fitness | the total reproductive output of an individual |
| indirect fitness | the reproductive output that an individual brings about through apparently altruistic behaviors towards genetic relatives (also kin) |
| communication | an action or signal on the part of one organism that alters the behavior of another organism |
| types of communication | chemical (pheromones), acoustical, visual, (& touch) |
Created by:
amay322
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