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Bio midterm -_-0
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the characteristics of life? | 1) Cells and Organization 2.) Respond to Stimuli 3)Maintain homeostasis 4) Energy use 5) Growth and Development 6) Reproduction 7) Living things evolve |
| What are the steps of the scientific method | 1) Observate 2)Hypothesis 3)experiment 4) collect data 5) analysis/conclusion |
| Types of microscopes | Compound light microscope, electron microscope, transmission microscope (TEM), and scanning microscope (SEM |
| atomic number | directly tells number of protons, indirectly tells number of electrons |
| atomic mass | the sum total of protons and neutrons in the nucleus # of neutrons = atomic mass – atomic number |
| chemical bonds | major types: 1) ionic 2) mixtures...the attractive forces that hold atoms together in a compound Whether or not 2 or more elements will bond to form a compound depends on their # of valence electrons – outer shell electrons |
| hydrolysis | when water is added to a polymer to break it down into monomers (gains H2O) |
| dehydration synthesis (condensation reactions) | monomers are bonded together to form polymers. In the process, a molecule of H2O is removed from between each set of reactants (decrease in H2O) |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element (have same atomic #) that have different atomic masses (they vary in the number of neutrons) |
| isomers | compounds with the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas (arrangements of their atoms) and, therefore, different properties |
| mixtures | composed of 2 or more substances NOT chemically bonded Can separate by physical means Components aren’t in fixed proportions Individual components retain their original chemical properties |
| solutions | mixtures in which one substance is uniformly distributed (dissolved) throughout another |
| acids | have more hydronium ions (H3O+) than hydroxide ions (HO-) Have a sour taste, corrosive and produce a tingling sensation |
| bases | have more HO- ions than H3O+ ions Bitter taste, feel slippery, caustic pH above 7 |
| compounds | composed of 2 or more different elements that are chemically combined (bonded) in fixed proportions Have different chemical & physical properties from the original elements Elements cannot be separated by physical means |
| radioisotopes | isotopes that are radioactive – which means they emit subatomic particles from their nuclei – this energy given off can be detected |
| cohesion | the attraction of an H2O molecule to other H2O molecules |
| adhesion | the attraction of H2O to a different substance (especially the surface of solids) |
| capillarity | occurs due to cohesion and adhesion. Defined as the ability of H2O to move through fine pores against the force of gravity Ex. Plants |
| polarity | a molecule with partial oppositely charged sides or poles |
| Carbohydrates | contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio. Function – quick energy and short-term energy storage |
| Lipids | contain C, H, & O, but they have more C & H and very little O. Functions: long-term energy storage, insulation, protective padding |
| Proteins | Proteins are large polymers composed of monomers called amino acids – only 20 different AAs– which contains an amino group (NH2), an R group (makes the 20 amino acids different), and a carboxyl group. Function: form structure, regulate body functions |
| Nucleic Acid | huge polymers composed of monomers called nucleotides. Functions: Carry genetic instructions, Regulate cellular activities |
| Surface area and volume ratio | As cells increase in size, their surface area (cell membrane) increases only by the square (2-D), while the volume (cell “guts”) increases by the cube (3-D) |
| Cells | smallest functional living units |
| Tissues | groups of similar cells that work together to perform a function |
| Organ | 2 or more types of tissues working together to perform a function |
| Organ System | 2 or more organs working together |
| Multicellular organism | 2 or more organ systems functioning together |
| Cell theory | All organisms are composed of one or more cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function Cells come from other cells through the orderly process of cell division (Virchow’s Principle) |
| passive transport | Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, ion channels (without using energy) |
| active transport | Endocytosis, exocytosis, Sodium Potassium pump (uses energy) |
| concentration gradient | the difference in concentration of a substance across or throughout a space – without the use of energy |
| homeostasis | The ability to maintain a relatively steady, constant internal condition regardless of environmental conditions |
| equilibrium | equal conc. of a substance throughout a space |
| autotrophs | create their own food |
| heterotrophs | need to find food from an outside source |
| Chlorophyll | green, is in the chloroplast, but speciffically in the thylakoid |
| thylakoids | where chlorophyll is contained, disc-like |
| granum | stack of thylakoids |
| stroma | where dark reactions occur, the cytoplasmic-like region of the chloroplast |
| stomata | the underside of leaves (gasses released from) |
| light reactions | Chlorophyll electrons dissolve by sunlight. The energized electrons link a P onto ADP to recyle ATP, the electrons split H2O. The hydrogen gets attached to NADP to form NADPH- which is a chemical that will power later things, the O2 exits through stomata |
| dark reactions | Can occur day or night, they are powerd by the products of light reactions- ATP and NADPH, dark reactions occur in the stroma |
| dark reaction process | CO2 enters the plant through the stomata & combines with anohter chemical compound. Then the the energy of ATP & NADPH is used to change into glucose. One the ATP is used, it lowerss into ADP + P. The NADPH lowers to NADP- both recycled in light reactions |
| Anaerobic Lactic Acid Fermentation | If the beastie is an animal or microorganism (bacteria) and O2 is NOT present. Occurs in cytoplasm. The pyruvic acid from glycolysis is broken down into Lactic Acid – makes muscles sore – no ATP gain |
| Anaerobic Alcoholic Fermentation | If the beastie is a yeast and O2 is NOT present. The pyruvic acid from glycolysis is broken down into CO2 and ethyl alcohol |
| Aerobic Phase | if the beastie is plant or animal and 02 is present. 1) Krebs cycle 2.) Electron transport change. During the aerobic phase, the fuel (2 pyruvic acid molecules left over from glycolysis) are completely “blown apart” into CO2 and H2O. Net gain: 36 ATPs |
| Aerobic | Burn glucose in in the presence of O2 (oxygen present) |
| Anaerobic | Burn glucose in the absense of O2 (oxygen not present |
| Atom | the fundamental particle of all matter |
| weight | the measure of the gravitational pull on a mass – varies from place to place |
| eukaryotic | cells with an organized nucleus which contains genetic material & has many membrane-bound organelles (small intracellular bodies that perform specific functions for the cell) (animals, fungi) |
| activation energy | Most reactions require a “push” to get them started |
| rough ER | “rough” looking because of attached ribosomes. Produce phospholipids & proteins, also store proteins made by the ribosomes until it is time to release them from the cell |
| 3 parts of cell membrane | phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and water |
| solvent | does the dissolving |
| solute | gets dissolved |
| ions | an atom that has lost or gained an electron to make is positively or negatively charged |
| nucleotide | a monomer of nucleic acid |
| Cell specialization | only occurs in mult-cellular organisms because it has to do with the specific jobs of a cell and how they work together as a whole. |
| Robert Hooke | Viewed cork cells, gave cells their name |
| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek | observed pond water |
| Matthias Schleiden | learned all plants are made of cells |
| Theodore Schwann | learned all animals are made of cells |
| Rudolf Virchow | a Dr. that learned that all cells come from another cell |
| ocular lens | for putting eyes through |
| objective lens | the ones that magnify |
| light Microscope | good: can view living things... bad: limited magnification |
| Scanning Microscope | can see 3D surface |
| Transmission Microscope | can see inside of specimen |
| What are located in the nucleus? | protons and neutrons (electrons are out) |
| Valence electrons | the part of an atom that determines bonding |
| Elements | atoms with the same number of protons |
| nucleolis | where the ribosomes are made |
| ER (endoplasmic reticulum) | Network of passages |
| What makes proteins | ribosomes |
| monosaccharide | 1 sugar (often in a carbon ring), if there are 2 sugars, then it is a dissaccharide, and if there are 3 or more sugars then it is a polysaccharide |
Created by:
Ouran46
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