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H & P II
Term quiz 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| gastroenterology | the medical specialty that deals with the structure, function, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the stomach and intestines |
| Proctology | The medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the rectum and anus |
| Lamina Propria | is areolar connective tissue containing many blood and lymphatic vessels, which are the routes by which nutrients absorbed into the GI tract reach other tissues of the body. |
| Enteric Nervous System (ENS) | ("brain of the gut") consists of about 100 million neurons that extend from the esophagus to the anus. They are arranged into the myenteric plexus (motility of GI) & submucosal plexus (control secretions). |
| Parietal Peritoneum | lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Visceral Peritoneum | covers some of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and their serosa |
| Ascites | Occurs in certain diseases. The peritoneal cavity may become disteneded by accumulation of several liters of fluid. It is called this? |
| Greater Omentum ("Fatty Apron") | (omentum = fat skin)Larges peritoneal fold that drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine. Has 4 layers. |
| Mesentery | a fan shaped fold of the peritoneum that binds the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall |
| Peritonitis | It is an acute inflammation of the peritoneum. a common cause is contamination of the peritoneum by infectious microbes which can result from surgical wounds of the wall, a ruptured appendix, rubbing of the 2 layers. |
| Labial Frenulum | the inner surface of each lip is attached to its corresponding gum by a midline fold of mucous membrane (kinda where gums are, weird skin thing in the middle of gums) |
| Lingual Frenulum | (underside of tongue) is a fold of mucous membrane in the midline of the undersurface of tongue and is attached to the floor of the mouth and will aid in limiting the mvt of the tongue posteriorly |
| Ankyloglossia | if a persons lingual frenulum is abnormally short or rigid the person is said to be "tongue tied" because of the resulting impairment of speech |
| Peridontal Ligament | It lines the sockets and consists of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the teeth to the jaw socket walls and acts as a shock absorber during chewing |
| Dentin | Forms the majority of the tooth. it consists of a calcified connective tissue that gives the tooth its basic shape and rigidity. It is harder than bone due to its higher content of Ca salts |
| Enamel | the dentin of the crown is covered by this, which consists primarily of Ca phosphate and Ca carbonate. It is harder than bone (due to high Ca salt conc). It protects against acid that dissolve dentin |
| Peristalsis | it is a progression of coordinated contractions and relaxations of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis, which pushes the bolus onward. In the esophagus it is controlled by the medulla oblongata. |
| GERD (gastroesophagel reflux disease) | if the lower esophagel sphincter fails to close adequately after food enters the stomach, the stomach contents can reflux into the inferior portion of the esophagus. HCl will irritate esophagel wall (causes heartburn) |
| Rugae (means wrinkles) | when the stomach is empty, the mucosa lies in large folds which can be seen with the unaided eye |
| Pyloric Sphincter | the pylorus (3rd region of stomach) communicates with the duodenum of the small intestine via a smooth muscle sphincter called this (located at the junction of the stomach and the duodenum) |
| Parietal cells | it produce intrinsic factor (which is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12) and hypochloric acid |
| Chief Cells | These cells secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase. |
| Proton Pumps | They are powered by H+/K+ ATPases that actively transport H+ into the lumen while bringing K+ into cells. (Actively transport H+ into the stomach lumen and K+ into gastric cells) |
| Pepsin | only proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzyme in the stomach which is secreted by chief cells. It severs certain peptide bonds b/w aa breaking down a protein chain into smaller ones. It works well in pH 2 (proteolytic enzyme secreted by gastric cheif cells) |
| Pancreatic Juice | (mixture of water, digestive enzymes, and sodium bicarbonate)It is clear and colorless. |
| Hepatocytes | they are the major functional cells of the liver and perform a wide array of metabolic, secretory and endocrine functions. they are specialized epithelial cells that make up 80% of the volume of the liver |
| Common Bile Duct | the common hepatic duct joins the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form this. From this location, bile will enter the small intestine to participate in digestion (formed by the merger of hepatic duct and cystic duct) |
| Portal Triad | (branches of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct) |
| Emulsification | it is the breakdown of large lipid globules into a suspension of small lipid globules. |
| Gallstones | if bile contains either insufficient bile salts or excessive cholesterol, cholesterol may crystalize. It will cause obstruction to flow of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum. |
| Duodenum | the shortest region of the small intestine and is retroperitoneal. It will start at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and merge with the jejunum |
| Brush Border | (formed by microvilli of the small intestine) when viewed through a microscope, the microvilli are too small to be seen individually so they form a fuzzy line that extends into the lumen of the small intestine |
| Lactose Intolerance | the absorptive cells of the small intestine fail to produce enough lactase. Happens when undigested lactose in chyme causes fluid to be retained in the feces. Bacterial fermentation of lactose causes gas. Include diarreha, gas and bloating |
| Pancreatic Amylase | It is an enzyme in pancreatic juce that acts in the small intestine. It acts on both glycogen and startches. |
| Micelles | the bile salts in intestinal chyme surround fatty acids (to make them more soluble) and will form tiny spheres. They are formed due to the amphipathic nature of bile salt(hydrophobic and philic) |
| Chylomicrons | (aggregations of triglycerides, phospholipid, and cholesterol pass into lacteals)Happens inside absorptive cells. they leave the cell via exocytosis. they cannot enter capillaries. |
| Enterohepatic circulation | after emulsification bile salts are reabsorbed by active transport in the ileum & returned by the blood to the liver thru the hepatic portal system for recycling.Bile salt secretion by hepatocytes into bile reabsorption by ileum & resecretion into bile |
| Gastroileal Reflex | immediately after a meal, it intensifies peristalsis in the ileum and forces chyme into the cecum. The hormone gastrin relaxes the ileocecal sphincter. when the cecum is distended, the decree of contraction of the sphincter intensifies |
| Occult Blood | refers to blood that is hidden and not detectable by the human eye. It is used to screen for colorectal cancer. |
| Insoluble fiber | this fiber does not dissolve in water, includes the woody parts of plants and the bran coating around wheat and corn. It goes thru GI largely unchanged but speeds up the passage of materials thru the tract |
| Soluble Fiber | Fibers do dissolve in water that forms a gel that slowly allows the passage through the tract. It is found in beans, oats, barely, broccoli, prunes, apples and citrus fruits |
| Cholecystokinin (CCK) the intestinal phase of digestion is mediated by 2 major hormones (CCK) and secretin. | Partially digested aa, triglycerides nad FA that enter the small intestine stimulate secretion of it by enteroendocrine CCK cells in mucosa of small intestine. stimulate pancreatic juice, ejection of bile, feeling full (rich in digestion enzymes) |
| Secretin | small intestine hormone that stimulates the flow of pancreatic juice and bile rich in HCO3. Acidic chyme that enters S intestine stimulates secretion by enteroendocrine S cells in mucosa of duodenum |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) | (crater like lesions develop in teh gastrointestinal mucosa) |
| Diverticulosis | saclike outpouchings of the wall of the colon occur in places where the muscularis has weakened and become inflamed. many ppl who develop it have no symptoms |
| Achalastia | a conditon caused by malfunction of the myenteric plexus which the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax normally as food approaches |
| Cirrhosis | Distorted or scarred liver as a result of chronic inflammation due to hepatitis, chem that destroy hepatocytes, parasites that infect the liver or alcoholism. hepatocytes are replaced by fibrous or adipose tissue. |
| Gastroenteritis | inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestine (especially the small intestine). It is caused by viral or bacterial infection contracted by food, water or ppl in close contact. |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | Disease of the entire gastrointestinal tract in which a person reacts to stress by developing symptoms (like cramping and abdominal pain) associated with patterns of diarrea and constipation. mucus may appear in feces. lots of gas, nausea. |
| Oxidation | removal of electrons from an atom. The result is a decrease in the potential energy of the atom. Involves the loss of H+ |
| Reductions | addition of electrons to a molecule. It increases the potential energy of the molecule Adding H+ |
| Phosphorylation | the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule which will increase its potential energy. |
| Glycolysis | it is a set of rxns in which 1 glucose molecule is oxidized & 2 molecules of pyruvic acid are produced. 2 ATP molecules and 2 energy containing NADH are produced are produced. It is an anaerobic process. 10 reactions that convert glucose to pyruvic acid |
| Krebs Cycle Reactions | These reactions oxidize acetly coenzyme A and produce CO2, ATP, NADH + H+ AND FADH2. |
| Cyanide | it is a deadly poison because it binds to the cytochrome oxidase complex and will block the last step in electron transport |
| Glycogenesis | this is the synthesis of glycogen. The hormone insulin stimulates hepatocytes and skeletal muscle cells to carry this out. |
| Glycogenolysis | the process of splitting glycogen into glucose . breaking down glycogen to glucose |
| Gluconeogenesis | he process by which glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate sources such as triglycerides, lactic acid and certain amino acids. |
| Beta Oxidation | The first stage in fatty acid catabolism. It transfers 2 carbon atoms from fatty acids to acetyl CoA |
| Ketosis | (Increase blood concentration of acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxylbutyric acid)When the conc of ketone bodies in the blood go above normal, the ketone (acids) must be buffered. |
| Deamination | Before aa can enter the krebs cycle, their amino group must first be removed. It occurs in hepatocytes and produces ammonia. the liver cells will conver amonia to urea |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | (genetic error of protein metabolism causing elevated phenylalanine levels) Phenylalinine cannot be metabolized and what is not used in protein synthesis builds up in the blood. Newborns are often screened for it. |
Created by:
rmt18
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