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Oceanography
Chap 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Abyssal zone | The ocean between about 4,500 and 5,000 meters about (13,000 and 16,500 feet) |
| Active transport | The movement of molecules from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration through a semi permeable membrane at th expense of energy |
| Adaptation | An inheritable structural or behavioral modification. A favorable adaptation gives a species an advantage in survival and reproduction. An unfavorable adaptation lessens a species ability to reproduce |
| Aphotic zone | The dark ocean below the depth to which light can penetrate |
| Artificial system of classification | A method of classifying an object based on attributes other than its reason for existence, it's ancestry, or it's origin |
| Autotroph | An organism that makes its own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis |
| Bathyal zone | The ocean between about 200 and 4,000 meters (700 and 13,000 feet) |
| Benthic zone | The zone of the bottom of the ocean |
| Biogeochemical cycle | Natural process that recycle nutrients in various chemical forms from the non living environment to living organisms and then back to the non living environment |
| Biological factor | A biologically generated aspect of the environment, such as predation or metabolic waste products, that affects living organisms. Biological factors usually operate in association with purely physical factors such as light and temperature |
| Biomass | The mass of living material in a given area or volume of habitat |
| Carbon cycle | The movement of carbon from reservoirs ( sediment, rock, ocean) through the atmosphere (as carbon dioxide ) through food webs and back to the reservoirs |
| Chemosynthesis | The synthesis of organic compounds using energy stored in inorganic substances such as sulfur, ammonia and hydrogen. Energy is released when these substances are oxidized by certain organisms |
| Chlorophyll | A pigment responsible for trapping sunlight and transferring its energy to electrons thus initiating photosynthesis |
| Convergent evolution | The evolution of similar characteristics in organisms of different ancestry; the body shape of a porpoise and a shark for instance |
| Denitrifying bacteria | Bacteria capable of converting nitrate or nitrite to gaseous nitrogen |
| Diffusion | The movement- driven by heat- of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration |
| Disphotic zone | The lower part of the photic zone, where there is insufficient light for photosynthesis |
| Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) | Organic(carbon containing ) molecules dissolved in water |
| Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) | Nitrogen-containing organic molecules dissolved in seawater. Most DON is in the form of protein |
| Domain | Overarching groups such as bacteria archaea and eukarya |
| Ectotherm | An organism incapable of generating and maintaining steady internal temperature from metabolic heat and therefore whose internal temperature is approx. the same as that of the surrounding environment; a cold-blooded organism |
| Endotherm | An organism capable of generating and regulating metabolic heat to maintain a steady internal temperature. Birds and mammals are the only animals capable of true Endothermy. A warm-blooded organism |
| energy | The ability to do work |
| Euphotic zone | The upper layer of the photic zone in which net photosynthetic gain occurs |
| Evolution | Change; the maintainence of life under constantly changing conditions by continuous adaptation of successive generations of a species to its environment |
| Extremophile | An organism capable of tolerating extreme environmental conditions; especially temperature or pH levels |
| Food | General term for organic molecules capable of providing energy to heterotrophs when combined with oxygen during biochemical respiration |
| Food Web | A group of organisms associated by a complex set of feeding relationships in which the flow of food energy can be followed from primary reduces to consumers |
| Hadal zone | The deepest zone of the ocean, below a depth of 5,000 meters (16,500 feet) |
| Heterotroph | An organism that derives nourishement from other organisms because its unable to synthesize its own food molecules |
| Heirarchy | Grouping of objects by degrees of complexity, grade, of class. A heirarchial system of nomenclature is based on distinctions within groups and between groups. |
| Hydrostatic pressure | The constant pressure of watr around a submerged organism |
| Hypertonic | Referring to a solution having a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the soulution that surrounds it |
| Hypotonic | Referring to a solution having a lower concentration of dissolved substances than the solution that surrounds it |
| Isotonic | Referring to a solution having the same concentration of dissolved substances as the solution that surrounds it |
| Kingdom | The largest category of biological classificaion. Five kingdoms are presently recognized |
| Limiting factor | A physical or biological environmental factor whose absence or lpresence in an inappropriate amount limits the normal actions of an organism |
| Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) | Carl con Linne (1707-1778) Swedish "father" of modern taxonomy |
| Littoral zone | The band of coast alternately covered and uncovered by tidal action; the intertidal zone |
| Mass extinction | A catastophic, global event in which major groups of species perish abruptly |
| Metabolic Rate | The rate at which energy-releasing reactions pro-ceed within an organism |
| Mutation | A heritable change in an organisms genes |
| Natural selection | A mechanism of evolution that results in the continuation of only those forms of life best adapted to survive and reproduce in their environment |
| Natural system of classification | A methos of classifying an organism based on its ancestry |
| Neritic Zone | The zone of open water near shore. over the continental shelf |
| Nitrifying Bacteria | Bacteria capable of fixing gaseous nitrogen into nitrite, nitrate, or ammonium gases |
| Nitrogen Cycle | The cycle in which nitrogen moves from its largest reservoir (the atmosphere) through the ocean, ocean sediments, and food webs, and then back to the atmosphere |
| Nutrient | Any needed substance that an organism obtains from its environment except oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water |
| Oceanic zone | The zone of the open water away from shore past the continental shelf |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentraion theough a semipermeable membrane |
| Pelagic zone | The realm of open water |
| Photic zone | The thin film of lighted water at the top of the world ocean. The photic zone rarely extends deeper than 200 meters (660 ft) |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which autotrophs bind light energy into the chemical bonds of food with the aid of chlorophyll and other substances. The process uses carbon dioxide and water as raw materials and yeilds glucose and oxygen |
| Physical Factor | An aspect of the physical environment that affects living organisms, such as light, salinity, or temperature |
| Primary consumer | Initial consumer of primary producers. The consumers of autotrophs; the second level in food webs |
| Primary producer | An organism capable of using energy from light or energy-rich chemicals in the environment to produce energy-rich organic compounds; an autotroph |
| Primary productivity | The synthesis of organic materials from inorganic substanes by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis; expressed in grams of carbon boound into carbohydrate per unit area per unit time |
| Scientific name | The genus and species name of an organism |
| Second law of thermodynamics | Disorder (entropy) in a closed system must increase over tiem. If disorder decreases it does so at the expense of energy. |
| Species | Any group of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms reproductively isolated from all other groups and capable of producing offspring |
| Sublittoral zone | The splash zone above the highest high tide; not technically part of the ocean bottom |
| Surface-to-volume ratio | A physical constraint on the size of the cells. As a cell's linear dimensions grow, its surface area does not increase at the same rate as its volume. As the surface to volume ration decreases, each square inch of outer membrane must serve an increas. vol |
| Taxonomy | In biology, the laws and principles covering the classification of organisms |
| Top consumer | An organism at the apex of the trophic pyramid, usually a carnivore |
| Trophic pyramid | A model of feeding relationships among organisms. Primary producers form the base;consumers eating one another form the higher levels with the top consumer at the apex. |
| Zone | Division or province of the ocean with homogenous characteristics |
Created by:
lenelcorrea
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