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Muscular System
muscular exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Leg Muscles (anterior) | Quadriceps Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Adductor group Tibialis anterior |
| The Motor Unit | 1 motor unit = junction between 1 neuron + many muscle fibres |
| Leg muscles (posterior) | Gluteus maximus Hamstrings Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Gastrocnemius Soleus |
| Muscle Tissue - Three Types | Skeletal / Striated / Voluntary Smooth / Non-striated / Involuntary Cardiac / Striated / Involuntary |
| Skeletal Muscle Organisation | Muscles are organised as follows, from macrostructure to microstructure: Muscle Fascicle Muscle Fibre Myofibril Myofilament Sarcomere |
| Myofibrils | Rodlike contractile element. Occupy most of the muscle cell volume Appear banded - A bands - dark, I bands - light Composed of sarcomeres - arranged end to end |
| Functions of Muscle Tissue Movement | of a particular limb (external movement) of materials inside the body Posture to keep us upright Stabilisation to stabilise joints Heat Production70% of energy used by muscles is transferred into heat (released by breakdown of ATP) |
| Movement (voluntary) | Nearly all movements of the human body are a result of muscle contraction Mobility of body as a whole reflects activity of skeletal muscles, responsible for all locomotion (walking for example) and manipulation |
| Movement (involuntary) | Smooth muscle of blood vessel walls and cardiac muscle of the heart - which work together to circulate blood and maintain blood pressure and the smooth muscle of other hollow organs, which forces fluids and other substances through internal body channels |
| Posture | Yet, they function almost continuously, making one tiny adjustment after another so that we can maintain an erect or seated posture despite the never-ending downward pull of gravity |
| Stabilisation | As the skeletal muscles pull on bones to cause movements, they also stabilise the joints of the skeleton |
| Heat Production | Since skeletal muscle accounts for at least 40 percent of body mass, it is the muscle type most responsible for heat generation |
| Characteristics of Muscle Tissue | Excitability- ability to respond to a stimulus Contractibility- muscle can become shorter and thicker Extensibility- able to stretch Elasticity- ability to return to original shape and size |
| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | Striated -but muscle fibres are branching and fit together like clasped fingers (allows cardiac muscle to act as a unit) Not under conscious control - self exciting Can beat by itself, but CNS can accelerate and decelerate heart-rate |
| Myofilaments | Thread like structures - make up myofibrils 2 proteins arranged as Thin or Thick filaments These 2 slide past each other - create contraction Arrangement of myofilaments in myofibrils, produces banding pattern in skeletal muscle |
| Sarcomere | contractile unit composed of myofilaments filaments made up of contractile proteins |
| Posterior Muscles | Trapezius Deltoid Latissimus dorsi Rhomboids Triceps brachii |
| Anterior Muscles | Sternocleidomastoid Deltoid Pectoralis major Biceps brachi Rectus abdominis External oblique |
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