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A.P. Biology Ch. 33
Invertebrates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Invertebrate | An animal without a backbone |
| Sponge | An animal in the phyla Silicea, Calcarea or Porifera |
| Suspension Feeder | An animal that captures food particles suspended in water, which passes through their body |
| Spongocoel | The central cavity of a sponge |
| Osculum | The large opening in the body of a sponge, through which water can exit |
| Pore | A hole in the epidermis, which allows water to enter the sponge |
| Epidermis | The outer layer of a sponge, which consists of tightly packed epidermal cells |
| Mesohyl | The gelatinous matrix that separates the walls of the sponge |
| Choanocyte | A flagellated cell that lines the spongocoel and draws water in through the pores and out through the osculum |
| Amoebocyte | A pseudopod cell that wanders through the mesohyl, digests food, brings nutrients to cells, and manufactures skeletal fibers |
| Hermaphrodite | An animal that is capable of producing both sperm and eggs |
| How do sponges reproduce? | Sponge gametes arise from amoebocytes or choanocytes, eggs reside and are fertilized in the mesohyl, sperm are carried in or out by the water flow, so some cross-fertilization occurs |
| Cnidaria | An animal that is often diploblastic and radially symmetric, and does not belong to the Eumetazoa clade, examples include hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals |
| Gastrovascular Cavity | The central digestive compartment of a cnidaria, from which a single opening functions as a mouth and an anus |
| Polyp | A sessile cnidarian with a cylindrical body, which adheres to their substrate by the aboral end of their bodies and catches prey using their tentacles |
| Aboral | Opposite the mouth |
| Medusa | A motile cnidarian with a flattened, mouth-down body, which either drifts or contracts its body in order to move |
| Cnidocyte | A cell that is unique to cnidarians, which found in the tentacles and able to defend the organism or catch prey |
| Cnidae | A capsule-like organelle that is capable of exploding outward |
| Nematocyst | A specialized cnidae that contains a stinging thread that can penetrate, stick to or entangle the cnidarian's prey |
| How do cnidarians respond to stimuli? | They have sensory structures distributed radially, which allows them to respond to stimuli from all sides |
| What are the four major classes of Cnidaria? | Anthozoa, Cubozoa, Hydrozoa, and Scyphozoa |
| Platyhelminthes | Flatworms, which include tapeworms, marine worms, flukes, and parasites |
| Protonephridia | A network of tubules with flame bulbs used for excretion and to maintain the osmotic balance within the platyhelminthes |
| Flame Bulb | A ciliated structure within a platyhelminth that pulls fluid through the branched ducts opening to the outside |
| Planarian | A turbellarian platyhelminth that is found in ponds and streams, which feeds on smaller or dead animals, move by cilia on their ventral surface and secreted mucus, respond to stimuli through a nervous system and eyespots, and are hermaphroditic |
| Pharynx | A muscular tube that sucks the food into the gastrovascular cavity in a platyhelminth |
| Ganglia | A dense cluster of nerve cells located at the anterior end of a platyhelminth |
| Scolex | The anterior end of a platyhelminth |
| Proglottid | A sac of sexual organs within a platyhelminth |
| Rotifer | A small, multicellular organism with a crown of cilia that draws water into its mouth that lives in freshwater, marine, and damp soil habitats |
| Alimentary Canal | A digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus |
| What type of coelom do rotifers have? | A pseudocoelom with fluid to serve as a hydrostatic skeleton |
| Parthenogenesis | A type of reproduction, which yields only females from unfertilized eggs, thus creating an all-female species or a species with males only strong enough to fertilize eggs |
| Ectoprot | A colonial animal that resembles a clump of moss |
| Exoskeleton | An external skeleton |
| Brachipod | An animal that superficially resembles a clam, but has dorsal-ventral halves instead of lateral halves, and are attached to the sea floor by a stalk |
| Mollusc | A soft-bodied animal, which is often surrounded by a hard, calcium carbonate shell |
| Muscular Foot | A muscle used for locomotion by most molluscs |
| Visceral Mass | A grouping of internal organs in molluscs |
| Mantle | A fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell of a mollusc |
| Mantle Cavity | A water-filled chamber that houses the gills, anus, and excretory pores of molluscs |
| Radula | A strap-like, rasping organ that is used by molluscs to scrape food |
| Are molluscs hermaphroditic? | Most snails are, but most other molluscs are not |
| What is the nervous system of a mollusc? | A nerve ring around the esophagus, from which cords extend in molluscs |
| Nephridium | An excretory organ that removes metabolic wastes from the hemolymph in molluscs |
| Heart | An organ, which pumps hemolymph through the arteries, into sinuses, and is located on the dorsal side of the mollusc |
| Hemolymph | The circulatory fluid of a mollusc, which travels through their open circulatory system |
| Chiton | A mollusc with a segmented shell, consisting of eight dorsal plates |
| Gastropod | A mollusc that undergoes torsion |
| Torsion | A developmental process in molluscs, during which an embryo develops a head because its visceral mass rotates upward 180˚, so its anus and mantle cavity are above its head |
| Bivalve | A class of molluscs with a two-part shell that is hinged at the dorsal line, as well as eyes and tentacles, but they do not have a head or a radula |
| Cephalopod | A mollusc with a reduced shell, an excurrent siphon, closed circulatory system, jaws, tentacles, and a brain |
| Ammonite | A shelled cephalopod, which went extinct during the Cretaceous period |
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