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Biology110quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Behavior | Actions performed by organisms in response to its environment or to the actions of another organism; traits encoded by genes and influenced by the environment |
| Theory of Evolution | All living things came from a common ancestor, but each adapted to a particular way of life. DNA passed on can change over time. |
| Fitness | A measure of an individual's reproductive success given its heritable traits; depends on the environment in which the individual live to produce successful offspring |
| Natural Selection | A mechanism of evolution that occurs when there is a heritable variation for a trait and individuals with one version of the trait have greater reproductive success than individuals with a different version of that trait. ("Survival of the Fittest") |
| Innate Behaviors | Genetics play a strong role Programmed at birth Require no learning (a.k.a. Instincts) |
| Learned Behaviors | Require various inputs from the environment. change over the lifespan of an individual; behaviors change due to practice and experience. Some behaviors are learned easier than others. Prepared learning. Learning is enhanced by social interactions. |
| Altruistic Behaviors | Come at a cost to the individual performing them while benefiting a recipient |
| Kin Selection | Kindness towards close relatives |
| Extreme Parental Care | Form of Kin Selection e.g. Spider feeds her offspring with her own body |
| Self-sacrifice | Form of Kin Selection e.g. squirrel making alarm calls |
| Reciprocal Altruism | Kindness towards unrelated individuals who might return the favor some day. |
| Gift of Life | Form of Reciprocal Altruism e.g. well fed vampire bat feeds starving bat |
| "You scratch my back I'll scratch yours." | Form of Reciprocal Altruism e.g. Grooming among Vervet monkies |
| Reproductive Investment | Can differ between males and females across species: -Males and females are vulnerable at different stages of the reproductive exchange. -Sexual conflicts can result from disparities in reproductive investment by males and females |
| Female | Produces larger, fewer, and immobile, gametes(sex cell=egg) -Mother's material and energetic contribution to the growth of offspring exceeds the father's -gives greater reproductive and parental investment -more discriminating -less competitive |
| Male | Produces smaller, plentiful, and mobile gametes. (sex cell= sperm) -Provides less reproductive investment than females -less discriminating -more competitive |
| Courtship Ritual | Subjecting a male to courtship rituals |
| Gifts Upfront | Female mates only with a males who contributes a large paternal investment upfront. (e.g. Food- Nuptial Gifts) |
| Control of Valuable Resources | To increase the survival of their offspring control the best territory. |
| Good Looks | Mate only with a male that has valuable physical attributes; attractive, healthy, strong. Good genes for offspring success. |
| Mate Guarding | To prevent or reduce the possibility of a female producing offspring not the malee's progeny (Paternity Uncertainty) it is common for a male who provides care to protect his reproductive investment |
| Pair Bond | Male and female have formed a union and spend a high proportion of their time together, often over many years, sharing a nest or "home", and contribute equally to parental care for offspring |
| Chemical | Molecules released into the environment that can trigger behavioral response in other individuals (e.g. Pheromones) |
| Auditory/Acoustal | Sounds that trigger behavioral responses |
| Visual | Display signs that can be seem by others. |
| Honest Signals | Carry the most accurate information about an individual or situation; signals that cannot be faked; to reduce deception. |
| Language | Arbitrary symbols represent concepts and a system of situation; signals that cannot be faked; to reduce deception |
| Why do we need a nervous system? | (A network of cells that work together to perform three critical functions:) 1, Collect info from internal and external environments 2. Process info 2. Initiate responses when necessary |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | Compsed of the neurons and other supporting cells that make-up the brain and spinal cord. processes information that it receives from sensory cells about the organism's surroundings and sends out instructions to other nervous tissue; act in response. |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Composed of sensory neurons that detect stimuli and neurons that transmit signals to the muscles and glands (effectors). |
| Nerves | (Nerve Tissue) Comprised of neurons bundled together that enable us to sense things and respond to our environment. |
| Glial Cells | (Neuroglial cells) These non neuronal cells function like a support staff to protect, insulate, and nourish the neurons. |
| Neurons | The type of cell specialized for carrying electrical signals; the building blocks of all nervous systems. |
| Dendrites | Receive external stimuli -send signals TOWARD the cell body. |
| Cell Body | Containts all of the typical parts of a Eukaryotic cell (nucleus, organelles, etc) |
| Axon | Send signals AWAY from the cell body. |
| Action Potential | AN electrical signal sent by neurons throughout the nervous system. |
| Resting Potential | Where the irons are distributed evenly. Potassium on the inside, sodium on the outside. In= Negative Out= Positive |
| Depolarization | Where stimulation opens the Na+ (sodium) gates and Na+ ions enter the axon, creating a more positive charge. Hence dubbed the Rising Phase. |
| Re-polarization | Where the Potassium gates open an the K+ ions exit the axon, creating a negative charge. Hence dubbed the Falling Phase. |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals released by the axon terminals in response to action potentials. Can influence other cells. |
| Synapse | The point where the neurons interact with other cells and integrate many signals. |
| Sensory Neurons | Sensory receptors of the PNS; collect information and send signals through the spinal cord of the CNS to the brain. Senses: Taste, Hear, Smell, Sight, Touch |
| Interneurons | Integrates the signals from the sensory neurons and relay them to the motor neurons. These "middlemen" are located in the spinal cord and brain (CNS) |
| Motor Neurons | Stimulate action by conveying signals to effectors. Muscles or glands and initiating a response to the stimuli. |
| Reflex (Reflex Arc) | Some signals generate a response without an processing in the brain signals travel directly from sensory neurons to the spinal cord which connects directly to motor neurons |
| Serotonin | Inhibitory neurotransmitters, affects appetite, sleep, anxiety, and mood, produces feelings of contentment and satisfaction; feel "happy" |
| Endorphines | Neurotransmitters that block pain messages; feeling "high"; released during exercise, love, and eating spicy foods. |
| Acetycholine | A neurotransmitter released by motor neurons at the point where they synapse with muscle cells; cause muscles to contract. |
| Glutamate | Exitatory neurotransmitters involved in learning and memory (certain subject). |
| Dopamine | Neaurotranmitters that initiate and coordinate movement; also produce feelings of intense pleasure: contributes to moods and addiction |
| Midbrain | Filters and evaluates signals from the sensory and motor neurons. |
| Hindbrain | Coordinates motor activity (Cerebellum) |
| Spinal Cord | Extends from base of brain to the vertebral canal a) communicates between brain and body b) center for Reflex Arcs |
| Forebrain | Involved in higher thought, memory, language, intelligence, personality |
| Cerebral Cortex | Involved in abstract thought, problem solving, and language. |
| Left Hemisphere | Specializes in language, logic, and math skills. |
| Right Hemisphere | Dedicated to emotions, intuitive thinking, and artistic expression. |
| Hypothalamus | Regulates many fundamental drives including hunger, thirst, and sexual activity: maintains body temperature; controls hormone secretions. |
| Limbic System | Found deeper in the brain; responsible for many of our physiological drives and instincts. |
| Amygdala | A memory center that associates emotional feelings and sensory input with memories. |
| Hippocampus | A memory center that stores and retrieves memories. Transfers short-term memories. |
| PET Scan | (Positron Emission Tomograph)- traces radioactive glucose that is injected into the subject. |
| fMRI Scan | (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) a giant magnet detects the flow of oxygenated blood in various parts of the brain. |
| Electroencephalogram | Detects nerve impulses in the brain. |
| Caffeine | Blocks Fatigue-inducing message of Adenosine waste product build up binds to the adenosine receptors, without reducing their likelihood of firing action potential continues, without causing fatigue (e.g. coffee, tea, "energy" drinks, chocolate) |
| Adenosine | Fatigue-inducing messengers |
| Nicotine | One of the most commonly used drugs Mimics Acetylcholine to release adrenaline (exictory neurons) Releases Dopamine Increase blood glucose= "sugar high"= followed by fatigue and depression |
| Adrenaline | excitory neurons |
| Health Risks Increased by Nicotine | Lung cancer, second hand smoke, pregnant smokers= carbon monoxide can reduce the amount pf oxygen in the blood= babies with health problems |
| Alcohol | Affects the functions of multiple neurotransmitters slows reaction times, slurs speeck, block pain, increases contentment inducing glutamate, endorphines, dopamine, serotonin |
| Health Risks Increase by Alcohol | Some types of cancer, liver disease (cirrhosis) harm fetus during pregnancy (retal alcohol syndrome)causes mental and physical defects |
| Morphine and Heroin | Blocks pain messages Addiction: increases risk taking and novelty-seeking behavior |
| Prozac and Zoloft | Antidepressants releases dopamine stimulateds the brain's pleasure area blocks Serotonin from being reabsorbed and recycled (SSRI's- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) People experience prolonged "happy" moods |
| What is an Endocrine System? | A system consisting of cells and glands that secrete hormones |
| Homeostasis | Maintains balance and stability Requires coordination of both the Endocrine and Nervous Systems |
| Nervous System | transmits nerve impulses faster (than Endocrine) last shorter |
| Endocrine System | Secretes Hormones Slower (than Nervous) Lasts Longer |
| Hormones | Made of proteins or steroids Affects/targets other glands or tissues Influences growth, metabolism, and Homeostasis |
| Hypothalamus (ES) | Controls Many Hormones Receives input from neurons in the brain and the rest of the body Releases hormones that regulate nearly every aspect of an organism's physiology Part of the Nervous and Endocrine Systems (heart beat, appetite, body temp blood p |
| Pituitary Gland | Produces many Hormones which directs endocrine glands elsewhere: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Oxytonin, Antidiuretid Hormone, Folide Stimulatinf Hormone, Lutenizing Hormone, Prolactine, Adrenocarticotropic Hormone, Growth Hormone |
| Pineal Gland | Regulates sleep and wake cycles, releases melatonin |
| Thyroid Gland | Influences the speed and efficiency of cellular metabolism, thyroxine Regulates calcium levels in the blood, calcitonin |
| Adrenal Glands | regulates organism's response to stress, releases adrenaline and cortisol |
| Pancreas | Regulates blood glucose levels, insulin, glucagon |
| Gonads | Responsible for many physical, behavioral, and emotional features, including sexual behavior, development, and growth. Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone. Female: Ovaries Male: Testes |
| Parathyroid Glands | Parathyroid Hormone Regulates calcium levels in the blood |
| Thyroxine | Requires iodine; increases metabolic rate; regulate growth and development |
| Growth Hormone | Stimulates cell division (growth) in muscles and bones |
| Estrogen and Progesterone | Two hormones that regulates uterine/menstrual cycle, ovulation, fat storage, development of female sex charcteristics |
| Oxytonin | Stimulates uterine muscle contraction |
| Testosterone | Stimulates sperm production; development of males sex characteristics |
| Glucagon | Release when blood glucose level is LOW; increases metabolic rate |
| Insulin | Release when blood glucose level is HIGH; decreases blood glucose level by stimulating cells (muscles, liver, fat) to absorb glucose and use it for energy |
| Melatonin | Regulates sleep and wake cycles |
| Parathyroid Hormone | Released when blood calcium level is LOW; increases blood calcium by causing bones to release calcium |
| Calcitonin | Released when blood calcium level is HIGH; decreases blood calcium levels by depositing calcium in bones |
| Epinephrine | Released in emergency situations (fight or flight) (aka Adrenaline) |
| Prolactin | Stimulates mammary glands to produce milk |
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medusacullen@aim.com
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