Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
CH35,36,39
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a tissue? | is a group cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function |
| What is an organ? | Consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions |
| What are the three basic plant organs? | Roots, stems and Leaves |
| What do roots take up? | Water and minerals |
| What do roots rely on from the leaves and shoots?s | Sugars produced by photosynthesis |
| What are the two systems that draw nutrients, water, CO2 and light | root system and stem system |
| Photosynthates | Sugars and other carbohydrates produced by Photosynthesis. |
| Shoot systems depends on the _____ that the roots absorb | water and minerals |
| Vegetative growth | production of non-reproductive leaves, stems and roots |
| Root | organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, absorbs minerals and water and often stores carbohydrates |
| Most eudicots and gymnosperms have a ___ root | Taproot |
| Taproot | is one main vertical root that develops from an embryonic root |
| What does the taproot give rise too? | lateral roots( branch roots) |
| What happens to the taproot in monocots like grass? | the embryonic root dies early on and does not form a taproot. |
| fibrous root system | a mat of generally thin roots spreading out below the soil surface |
| what has a fibrous root system that hold the soil together to prevent erosion | grass |
| What are the advantages to having root hairs? | They increase the surface area and this is the primary source of water and mineral uptake |
| What are five evolutionary adaptions? | Prop roots, storage roots, strangling aerial roots, buttress roots,and Pneumatophores |
| What are the characteristics of Pneumatophores and Buttress | -roots that grow towards the air to get oxygen -above ground roots that have ridges that aid in support. |
| Stem | is an organ that raises and separates leaves exposing them to sunlight |
| The stem contains: | nodes and internodes |
| Nodes- Internodes- | -the points at which leaves are attached -the stem segments between nodes |
| Axillary bud | is a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch |
| The terminal bud located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot? | apical bud |
| What is responsible for the axillary dormancy? | The proximity of the axillary bud to the apical |
| Apical Dominance | the inhibition of axillary buds by the apical bud |
| What can break the dormancy of the axillary bud? | animal eats the end, or the shading results in the light being more intense to the side of the shoot |
| What are some evolutionary adaptation of stems? | Rhizomes, bulbs, Stolons, Tubers |
| A horizontal shoot that grows just below the surface? | Rhizomes |
| Vertical undergroung shoots consisting mostly of the enlarged bases of leaves that store food? | Bulbs |
| horizontal shoots that grow along the surface | Stolons |
| Enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized in storing food? | Tubers |
| Leaf? | is the main organ that preforms photosynthesis |
| Leaves consist of? | Blades and petiole |
| Petiole | joins the leaf to the stem at a node |
| What are the three types of leaves and their characteristics? | -Simple leaf- single blade -Compound leaf- the blade consists of multiple leaflets with no axillary bud -Doubly Compounded- each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets |
| what are some modified leaves? | Tendrils, Spines, storage leaves, reproductive leaves and bracts |
| Bracts | Colorful leaves that surround the flower to attract pollinators |
| What are the three types of tissues in plants that make up the organs? | Dermal, vascular and ground tissues |
| What is the function of dermal tissue? | Protects against pathogens and water loss |
| tissue system | a functional unit connecting all of the plant's organs |
| In non-woody plants the dermal tissue consists of | epidermis |
| A waxy coating that helps prevent water loss from the epidermis | cuticle |
| In woody plants, a protective tissue replaces the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots? | Periderm |
| Vascular Tissue | carries out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots |
| What are the two types of vascular tissue? | Xylem and Phloem |
| Which vascular tissue conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots? | Xylem |
| Which vascular tissue transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed? | Phloem |
| Stele | collectively vascular tissue of a root or stem |
| What are the two types of ground tissue? | Pith and Cortex |
| Which ground tissue is internal to the vascular tissue? | Pith |
| Which ground tissue is external to the vascular tissue? | Cortex |
| What does ground tissue include cell wise? | specialized cells for storage, photosynthesis and support |
| What are the five types of plant cells? | Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma,vessel cells and sieve-tube elements |
| Parenchyma cells function in | metabolic function, synthesizing and storing organic, differentiate into other plant cells |
| What are some cell characteristics of Parenchyma cells? | primary walls are thin and flexible, lack secondary walls, large central vacuole |
| Collenchyma cells function in | help support young parts of the plant shoot provides flexible support without restrain growth |
| What are some characteristics of Collenchyma cells? | Elongated cells that contain unevenly thick walls |
| Sclerenchyma cells function in | Supporting elements in the plant |
| Characteristics of Sclerenchyma | secondary walls are thick with lignins, cannot elongate, most are dead at functional maturity |
| What are the two types of Sclerenchyma cells? | scleriods and fibers |
| Examples of scleriods? | nutshells, and seed coats |
| Fibers? | groups of strands long slender and tapered |
| What are the two types of water-conducting cells in the Xylem? | Tracheids and vessel elements |
| Vessel elements characteristics | tubular elongated cells that are dead at functional maturity |
| Characteristics of Sieve- tube elements | Alive at functional maturity,lack organelles |
| What are porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along sieve tube | sieve plates |
| Each sieve-tube element has a __ whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells | companion cells |
| Growth that occurs throughout a plants life | indeterminate growth |
| growth that stops at a certain size such as in animals, plant organelles and leaves? | determinate growth |
| Why are plants capable of indeterinate growth? | meristems |
| Meristems? | perpetually embryonic tissue |
| Where are apical meristems located? | at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots |
| Primary growth | apical meristem elongation of shoots and roots |
| What growth in non-woody plants produces all of the plant body? | Primary growth |
| What is the process that adds thickness to woody plants? | secondary growth |
| What adds thickness to woody plant? | lateral meristems |
| What are the two types of lateral meristems? | vascular cambium and cork cambuim |
| Which adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem? | vascular cambium |
| Which replaces the epidermis with periderm | cork cambium |
| What is the root tip covered by, that protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil? | root cap |
| What are the three zones that growth occurs behing the root tip | Zone of cell division, zone of elongation and zone of differentiation or maturation |
| Ground tissue of roots consists mostly of what kind of cell? | parenchyma |
| The region between the vascular cylinder and epidermis? | cortex |
| The innermost layer of the cortex is called? | endodermis |
| The endodermis does what? | regulated passage of substances from the soil into the vascular cylinder |
| The lateral root arises from within the __, the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder | pericycle |
| What is the shape of the shoot apical meristem? | dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip |
| where do leaves develop? | from the leaf primordia along the sides of the apical meristem |
| Which is also apart of primary growth that arises from the activation of axillary buds? | Branching |
| how do axillary buds develop? | from meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia |
| Areas that allow damaged leaves to rapidly regrow such as in cutting grass? | Intercalary meristem |
| What are the leaf's vascular bundles and functions as the leaf's skeleton? | Veins |
| What is each vein of a leaf enclosed in? | protective bundle sheath |
| What are the two layers of the mesophyll? | palisade mesophyll and and spongy mesophyll |
| Which is the upper part of the leaf? | palisade mesophyll |
| Which is in the lower part of th leaf, with loose arrangement's that allows for gas exchange? | spongy mesophyll |
| What interrupts the epidermis in the leaves to allow CO2 and O2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in the leaf? | Stomata |
| What flanks each stomatal pore, and regulates the stomata openning and closing? | guard cell |
| Where does secondary growth occur in woody plants? | stems and roots but no leaves |
| The secondary plant body consists of tissues produced by? | Vascular cambium and cork cambium |
| As the tree or woody plant ages, what happens to the secondary xylem? | the heartwood no longer transports water and minerals |
| What is the outer layers of secondary xylem tissue called? inside layers? | sapwood heartwood |
| The sapwood unlike heart wood still__ | transports materials through the xylem |
| why does secondary phloem not accumulate as extensively as secondary xylem? | Because the older secondary phloem is sloughed off as the stem or root increases in circumferential. |
| Why can a large tree survive when the inside is hollow? | each new layer of secondary xylem has a large circumference enabling for more sap to be transports each year supplying an increased number of leaves |
| why is the heartwood generally darker then the sapwood? | Because of resins and other compounds that permeate the cell cavities and help protect the core of the tree from fungi and wood-boring insects |
| What replaces the epidermis when it is crapped and split away? | cork cambium |
| A thin layer of parenchyma cells that forms to the interior of the cork cambium is? | phelloderm |
| As the cork cambiuum matures it deposits a waxy hydrophobic material called? | suberin |
| due to suberin most of the periderm is? | impermeable to water and gases |
| What dots the periderm that are small raisied areas which enables living cells within a woody stem of root to exchange gases with the outside air? | Lenticels |
| What happens to the older layers of periderm? | They are sloughed off |
| Bark includes what? | all tissues external to the vascular cambium. |
| What are barks main components? | secondary phloem, the most resent periderm and all of the older layers of periderm |
| What are visible where late and early wood meet and can be used to estimate a tree's age? | Tree rings |
| Dendrochronology? | is the analysis of tree ring growth patterns and can be used to study past climate changes. |
| What drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylem? | Transpiration |
| What affects water potential? | pressure and solute concentration |
| The solute potential of a solution is directly proportional to... | its molarity and osmotic pressure |
| The physical pressure on a solution is... | pressure potential |
| The pressure exerted by the plasma membrane against the cell wall is... | turgor pressure |
| What are the two routes that water can take to get to the Xylem cells? | Apoplastic route and Symplastic route |
| Which route goes between the cell wall and the cell membrane? | Apoplastic |
| Which route goes through the cell cytosol? | symplastic |
| What is xylem sap composed of? | water and dissolved minerals |
| Transpiration is the | evaporation of water from a plant's surface which transports xylem sap in bulk from roots to leaves |
| I sap pushed up from the roots or pulled up by the leaves? | Both |
| What aides in the accumulation of nutritional essential minerals | active transport |
| What functions as the last check point for the selective passage of minerals from the cortex into the vascular cylinder? | Endodermis |
| Which route still needs to be filtered just before reaching the vascular cylinder? | Apoplastic |
| What is the barrier made of suberin that blocks the apoplasctic route into the vascular cylinder? | Casparian strip |
| Root pressure is... | a push of xylem sap due to the accumulation of minerals that are pumped in at night |
| The root pressure can cause more water to enter the leaves than is transpired causing __ which is the exudation of water droplets that is on the edge of the leaves in early mornings | guttation |
| According to ___ transpiration and water cohesion pull water from shoots to roots | Cohesion-tension hypothesis |
| Cohesion-tension hypothesis was hypothesized by two Irish man named ___ in 1894 | John Joly and Henry Dixon |
| Xylem sap is normally under ___ | negative pressure or tension |
| The openings is leaves... | stoma |
| What opens and closes the stomata by changing the shape of the guard cells | changes in turgor pressure |
| When guard cells are turgid... | They bow outward and the pore is open |
| When guard cell is flaccid | They become less bowed and the pore closes |
| What causes the guard cell to go turgid or flaccid? | The reverisible uptake of potassium When the cell has K = turgid, K outside cell= flaccid |
| Generally when are stomata open and closed to minimize water loss? | open=day closed= at night |
| What triggers the stomatal opening at dawn? | Light, CO2 depletion, an internal "clock" in guard cells |
| All eukaryotic organisms have an internal clock called ___ or 24 hour cycles | circadian rhythms |
| what hormone is produced in the roots and leaves in response to water deficiency signaling the guard cells to close stomata? | Abscisic acid (ABA) |
| Plants adapted to arid climates are called... | Xerophytes |
| How does the Ocotillo avoid water loss? | It remains leafless for good part of the year and then when heavy rains hit it sprouts leaves and then loses the leaves when the soil dries |
| How does the Oleader resist water loss? | Its leaves have a thick cuticle and multilayed epidermal tissue that reduce water loss, Trichomes help minimize it by breaking up the flow of air allowing the chamber of the crypt to ave a higher humidity that the surrounding atmosphere |
| Old man cactus aviods water loss by.. | having white hair like bristles reflect the sun |
| Products of photosynthesis are transported through phloem by the process of ... | translocation |
| What specialized cells conduit for translocation | sieve-tube elements |
| What lays between sieve-tube elements that allow the flow of sap along the sieve-tube | sieve plate |
| What is the most prevalent solute in phloem sap? | Sugar(typically sucrose) |
| Phloem sap travels from ____ to ____ | leaves or photosynthesis sight to roots |
| Sugar source... | is a plant organ that is a net producer of sugar by photosynthesis or break down of starch |
| Sugar sink... | is an organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar. |
| How is sugar transported in the mesophyllcella to sieve-tube elements? | By symplast, but somtimes sugar escapes the symplast and travels through apoplast and then actively accumulated from the apoplast |
| The bulk flow of sugar is by... | positive pressure |
| What are the four stages to Bulk flow of Phloem Sap? | Loading of sugar, uptake of water, unloading of sugar, water recycled. |
| What happens in loading the sugar? | H2O from the Xylem and sucrose and H20 from the source cell enter the Phloem |
| What enables sucrose to move from mesophyll cells to sieve-tube elements? | proton pumping /sucrose cotransport |
| Why is water uptaken? | to generate a positive pressure that forces the sap to flow along the tube |
| what relieves the pressure? | unloading of sugar and consequent water loss at the sink |
| Why is the concentration in the sink always lower than in the sieve-tube | because the unloaded sugar is consumed during growth and metabolism of the cell. |
| The building of pressure from source at the source and the reduction of that pressure at the sink is called... | pressure flow |
| self-thinning | abort of some sinks such as flowers, fruit, and seeds |
| Chemical signals that modify or control one or more specific physiological processes within a plant? | hormones |
| What are the three steps following the hormone stimulus? | reception, transduction, response |
| any growth response that results in plant organs curving toward or away from stimuli is called? | Tropism |
| Phototropism | the growth of a shoot toward light or away from it |
| What is the function of Auxin | stimulates stem elongation, promote the formation of lateral and advenititous roots, regulates development of fruit, enhances apical dominance, functions in phototropism and gravitropism, promotes vascular differentiation,retards leaf abscision |
| For cell elongation Auxin activates... | The proton pump |
| The unidirectional transport of Auxin is called... | Polar transport |
| When the cell wall becomes more acidic what happens? | Wedge-shaped expansions separate cellulose microfibrils from cross-linking polysaccharides, |
| When the crossing polysaccharides are exposed what then happens? | Cell wall-loosening enzymes allows cellulose microfibrils to slide. Turgor causes the cell to expand. |
| The acidification of the cell wall activates the enzyme ... that break the cross-links between cellulose microfibrils and other cell walls | expansins |
| What does auxin indolbutyric acid stimulate? | adventitious roots and is used in vegetative propagation of plants by cuttings |
| What does an overdose of synthetic auxins do? | It can kill plants |
| Cytokinins | Growth regulators that stimulate cytokinesis |
| Where is gibberellins produced? | in young roots and leaves |
| Gibberellins stimulate? | Growth of leaves and stems |
| What happens in the stem when stimulated by gibberellins? | cell elongation and cell division |
| In many plants what must be present for fruit to develop? | gibberellins and auxin |
| Where are gibberellins used today? | In spraying Thompson seedless grapes |
| After water is imbibed, what is released from the embryo to signal the seed to germinate? | gibberellins |
| Brassinosteriods | are steriods that induce cell elongation and division in stem segments and seedinglings |
| What hormone slows growth? | Abscisic acis |
| What are two effects of ABA? | seed dormancy and drought tolerance |
| Why is seed dormancy so necessary? | to ensure the seed grows in optimal conditions |
| How is the seed dormancy broken? | when ABA is removed by heavy rain, light or prolonged cold |
| How can precocious germination be caused by? | inactive or low levels of ABA |
| What is the primary internal signal that enables plants to withstand drought? | ABA |
| When ABA accumulates it causes what? | stomata to close rapidly |
| What is produced in response to stresses such as drought, flooding, mechanical pressure, injury, and infection? | Ethylene |
| What are the effects of ethylene? | responses to mechanical stress, senescence, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening |
| What is the triple response? | consists of slowing of stem elongation, thickening of the stem and horizontal growth |
| Senescence | is the programmed death of cells or organs |
| What causes senescence? | A burst of ethylene |
| What controls leaf abscission? | A change in the balance of auxin and ethylene |
| What triggers the fruit ripening process? | A burst of ethylene |
| Ripening of fruit then triggers the release of... | more ethylene |
| Effects of light on plant morphology are called... | photomorphogenesis |
| What can lights detect about light? | presence of light, direction, intensity and wavelength |
| Action spectrum? | a graph that depicts relative response of a process to different wavelengths |
| Plants are most effective in what kind of light? | Blue at nm |
| What are the two major classes of light receptors? | blue-light photoreceptors and phytochromes |
| Phototropin a blue light receptor controls what? | hypocotyl elongation, stomatal opening and phototropism |
| What are the two photoreversible states that trigger many developmental responses? | Pr and Pfr |
| Pr turns to Pfr in what kind of light? | red light |
| Pfr turns to Pr in what kind of light? | far-red light |
| Pfr to Pr vs Pr to Pfr is much... | slower conversion in darkness |
| Pfr causes | seed germination, control of flowering |
| The phytochrome system also provides the plant with info about ... | the quality of light |
| In the shade avoidance response the ratio shifts to favor Pr which causes... | stem growth toward sunlight |
| Phytochrome conversion marks sunrise and sunset providing a ... | biological clock with environmental cues |
| Th relative lengths of night and day, is the environmental stimulus plants use most often to detect the time of year. | Photoperiod |
| Photoperiodism | a physiological response to photoperiod determined by phytochromes |
| Which is more important to a plant night length or day length? | night length |
| vernaliztation | is a pretreatment with cold to induce flowering |
| Response to gravity | gravitropism |
| Roots show ___ gravitropism and shoots show ___ gravitropsim | positive negative |
| Plants deteect gravity by settling of ___, dense cytoplasmic components. | Statoliths |
| Thigmomorphogenesis | the changes in form result from mechanical distubance,touch |
| Trigmotropsim | growth in response to touch |
| Mimosa pudica does what when touched? | folds its leaves in |
| What are types of stresses | abiotic and biotic |
| Examples of abiotic stresses | drought, flooding, salt, heat, and cold |
| Biotic stresses | herbivores and pathogens |
Created by:
sfitzpatrick
Popular Biology sets