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neurologic emergency
Neurologic emergencies core concepts including anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what kind of assessment is more important than neurological observations/assessment? | ABC assessment |
| State the lobes of the brain | Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal |
| What are the three sections of the brain stem called? | Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla oblongata |
| If the frontal lobe is damaged, how may this manifest? | May include: mental flexibility impairment, loss of smell, socialisation can diminish or increase; perceptions re risk taking and rule abiding are impaired. damage can result in mood changes |
| What is the temporal lobe responsible for? | formation of long term memory; senses of smell and sound, as well as processing of complex stimuli can produce hallucinations |
| What is the parietal lobe responsible for? | plays important roles in integrating sensory information from various senses, and in the manipulation of objects; sections are involved with visuospatial processing |
| Occipital lobe is responsible for? | sense of sight |
| Where is the cerebellum located? | under the occipital lobe |
| What is the cerebellum involved with? | equilibrium, muscle tone, co ordination of voluntary muscle activity |
| What is the midbrain responsible for? | Controlling Responses to - Sight, Eye, Movement, Pupil Dilation, Body Movement, Hearing |
| Which functions is the pons responsible for? | Arousal; Controlling Autonomic Functions;Relaying Sensory Information Between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum;Sleep |
| What are the functions of the medulla oblongata? | Control of Autonomic Functions; Relay of Nerve Signals Between the Brain and Spinal Cord; Coordination of Body Movements |
| What is the reticular activating involved with? | many important functions, including sleep and waking, behavioral motivation, breathing, and the beating of the heart. Trauma to this area can cause a coma. |
| Where do the neurones of the reticular formation start and extend to? | Start in the brainstem and extend through the hypothalamus and thalamus |
| RAS in brainstem is responsible for | maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep |
| RAS in thalamus is responsible for | mental activity |
| What is habituation? | Habituation is when the RAS 'trains' itself to ignore repetitive, inconsequential stimuli .eg. nighttime traffic |
| What are the two components to consciousness? | awareness or cognition and arousal or state of wakefulness |
| What does an alteration in the level of consciousness indicate? | an alteratiion or decrease in the level of consciousness is the earliest and most significant indicator of neurological change |
| level of consciousness is evaluated by providing the least amount of stimuli possible to obtain a response. What kind of stimuli are utilised? | auditory; tactile and pain |
| Normal level of consciousness can be defined as: | being awake, aware and making appropriate interaction with your environment when not asleep |
| What is obtundation? | The patient is not yet comatose but is close, arousing only with very strong stimulus |
| what s the approximate volume of the cranial contents? | Brain 80% - 1400ml; Blood 10% 150ml; CSF 10% - 150ml |
| Define the modified Monro-Kellie Hypothesis | An increase in one constituent or an expanding mass within the skull results in an increase in intracranial pressure |
| What is ICP? | Intracranial pressure |
| what are the major compensatory mechanisms of ICP control? | displacement of CSF; decreased production of CSF; increased absorption of CSF. |
| Where is CSF displaced? | lumbar theca; behind the eye |
| What are the minor compensatory mechanisms? | Reduction of blood volume - venous shunting; and displacement of intra and extracellular fluid in brain tissue |
Created by:
sarlagandhi
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