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A.P. Biology Ch. 32
An Introduction to Animal Diversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Collagen | An abundant, structural protein found only in animals |
| What are the two types of cell specific to animals? | Nervous and muscle cells |
| Cleavage | The process of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth, which occur between division cycles of an organism's development |
| Blastula | A hollow, multicellular ball, which results from cleavage of the zygote |
| Blastocoel | The cavity within the blastula |
| Gastrulation | The process, during which, layers of embryonic tissue that will develop into adult tissues are produced |
| Gastrula | The result of a blastula undergoing gastrulation |
| Larva | A sexually immature form of an animal that is morphologically distinct from the adult |
| Metamorphosis | The developmental process that changes larvae to juveniles |
| Juvenile | An animal that resembles an adult, but is not sexually mature |
| Ediacaran biota | The early group of multicellular eukaryotes, which are believed to be the origin of animal species and resemble sponges and cnidaria |
| Cambrian Explosion | The dramatic acceleration of animal diversification, which occurred during the Cambrian period |
| What caused the Cambrian Explosion? | New predator-prey relationships generated diversity through natural selection, the rise of atmospheric oxygen allowed more animals to survive or the evolution of the Hox gene complex provided developmental flexibility and variation |
| What animals evolved during the Neoproterozoic Era? | Endiacaran biota |
| What animals evolved during the Paleozoic Era? | Those that resulted from the Cambrian Explosion and terrestrial species developed |
| What animals evolved during the Mesozoic Era? | Few animals evolved, but their ecological habitats increased |
| What animals evolved during the Cenozoic Era? | Dinosaurs, large terrestrial animals, and human beings |
| Body Plan | A set of morphological and developmental traits integrated into a functional whole, the living animal |
| Grade | A group of organisms that share key biological features |
| Radial Symmetry | An animal with no left or right sides, so a central axis can divide the animal into mirror images |
| Bilateral Symmetry | An animal with two axes of orientation, dorsal to ventral and anterior to posterior |
| Dorsal | Top (Back) |
| Ventral | Bottom (Belly |
| Anterior | Head |
| Posterior | Tail |
| Cephalization | The evolution of a central nervous system located in the anterior |
| Why do most sessile animals have radial symmetry? | It allows them to interact with their environment equally well from all sides |
| Why do most motile animals have bilateral symmetry? | It allows them to have a central nervous system that coordinates movement and responds to their environment efficiently |
| True Tissue | A specialized collection of cells that are isolated from other tissues by membranous layers |
| Germ Layer | The product of gastrulation that forms the various tissues and organs of the organism |
| Ectoderm | The germ layer covering the surface of the embryo, which will give rise to the outer covering of the animal and, sometimes, the central nervous system |
| Endoderm | The innermost germ layer, which lines the developing digestive tube and will give rise to the lining of the digestive tract and organs, such as the liver or lungs |
| Archenteron | The developing digestive tube, which is formed during gastrulation |
| Diploblastic | The condition of animals with only two germ layers, an ectoderm and an endoderm |
| Mesoderm | The germ layer between the ectoderm and the ectoderm, which gives rise to the coelom |
| Triploblastic | The condition of animals with three germ layers, an ectoderm, a mesoderm, and an endoderm |
| Which animals are diploblastic or triploblastic? | All bilaterally symmetrical animals are triploblastic, and though some diploblastic organisms have three layers, they are not developed enough to be triploblastic organisms |
| Body Cavity | A fluid-filled or air-filled spaced separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall |
| Coelom | A body cavity, which forms from the tissue derived from the mesoderm and connects the inner and outer layers surrounding the cavity dorsally and ventrally |
| Coelomate | An animal with a true coelom |
| Psuedocoelomate | An animal with a coelom derived from the mesoderm and the endoderm |
| Acoelomate | An animal without a coelom |
| Protostome Development | The process of development that begins with spiral, determinate cleavage, continues with the coelom splitting from the mesoderm, and finishes with the mouth forming from the blastopore and the anus appearing later |
| Deuterostome Development | The process of development that begins with radial, indeterminate cleavage, continues with the coelom forming from outpocketings of archenteron, and finishes with the anus forming from the blastopore, while the mouth appears later from a secondary opening |
| Spiral Cleavage | The pattern of development, in which the planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo |
| Determinate Cleavage | The condition of development, in which every cell has a predetermined fate |
| Radial Cleavage | The pattern of development, in which the cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo |
| Indeterminate Cleavage | The condition of development, in which the cells produced have the capacity to develop into a complete embryo |
| What significance does indeterminate cleavage have for medicine? | It explains the existence of identical twins, as well as the versatility of stem cells |
| Blastopore | The indentation that occurs during gastrulation, which leads to the formation of the archenteron, and this is often followed by the creation of another opening in the digestive tube |
| What are the five major points of phylogeny? | All animals share a common ancestor, sponges are basal, eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues, most animal phyla are bilateral, chordates and some other phyla are deuterostomes |
| Metazoa | A clade of animals from which all other animals came |
| Eumetazoa | A clade of animals evolved from the Metazoan ancestor to develop true tissues, so basal eumetazoans are usually diploblastic and have radial symmetry |
| Bilaterian | An animal that is part of the clade of bilaterally symmetric animals |
| Ecdysozoan | An animal with an exoskeleton |
| Lophotrochozoan | An animal with a lophopore and or a trochopore larval stage |
| Lophopore | A crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding |
| Trochopore Larva | A distinctive developmental stage, which defines lophotrochozoans from ecdysozoans |
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