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vinh do
bio test 3 chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| who is the father of genetics? | Gregor Mendel |
| Mendel discovered the rules of genetics using ? | garden peas |
| the parental generation is always pure-bred and called? | P generation |
| The offspring of the parental generation is called ? which will be self-fertilized to produce the next generation called? | F1 generation, F2 generation |
| the crosses P generation =? | purple cross white |
| the F1 individuals were self-fertilized and produced: | 3/4 of the plants that grew from F2 seeds had purple flowers, but 1/4 had white flowers |
| Mendel did the same experiments for other traits and found they all produced the same | ratio of 3:1 |
| From the results of his single character cross experiments, Mendel was able to come up with the following three hypotheses: | 1. Adult plants carry a pair of factors (alleles of genes) that govern the inheritance of each trait |
| From the results of his single character cross experiments, Mendel was able to come up with the following three hypotheses: | 2. If an individual’s pair of genes consists of different alleles, one allele is dominant over the other, which is recessive |
| From the results of his single character cross experiments, Mendel was able to come up with the following three hypotheses: | 3. Pairs of alleles segregate as gametes are formed: half the gametes carry one allele, and the other half carry the other allele (Mendel’s Principle of Segregation) |
| Homozygote | both alleles of a gene are the same, written out as PP or pp, said to be homozygous |
| Heterozygote | an individual with two different alleles of a gene, write out as Pp, said to be heterozygous |
| Monohybrid cross | a cross between two individuals that are each heterozygous |
| Genotype | genetic constitution of an organism in terms of genes and alleles |
| Phenotype | organism’s appearance |
| What is a testcross? | A cross between an individual with the dominant phenotype and a homozygous recessive individual |
| How would the genotype of a dominant phenotype be determined? | If half of the offspring have the dominant trait and half the recessive trait, then the tested individual is a heterozygote If all offspring have the dominant trait, the tested individual is a homozygote |
| What is a dihybrid cross? | a cross between two individuals that are each heterozygous for the pairs of alleles of two genes |
| In a dihybrid cross, the results will always be a ratio of | 9:3:3:1 |
| The dihybrid cross results helped Mendel develop the fourth hypothesis, which is: | Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment The alleles of genes that govern two characters assort independently during formation of gametes |
| Further research has shown variations on Mendel’s rules for genetics. Other patterns of genetic inheritance are: | 1. incomplete dominance 2. codominance 3. epistasis 4. polygenic inheritance 5. pleiotropy |
| When one allele is not completely dominant over another allele, it shows | incomplete dominance |
| In this type of inheritance pattern, the phenotype ratio during a monohybrid cross will be a | 1:2:1 ratio |
| codominance | occurs when the effects of two alleles of a gene are equally detectable in heterozygous. |
| example of codominance | human blood type |
| Which blood type is codominant? | A and B are codominant alleles that are each dominant to the recessive i alleles |
| When the alleles of one gene mask effects of the alleles of another gene, it is called | epistasis |
| How are yellow labs produced when BB and Bb will produce black labs and bb will produce chocolate labs? | BBee, Bbee, and bbee genotypes all have yellow fur because ee will block pigment deposition |
| When there are three or more genes controlling the same trait, it is called This type of inheritance pattern is often influenced by | polygenic inheritance. the environment. |
| When a single gene is responsible for more than one trait, it is known as ? An example of this is | pleiotropy sickle-cell disease |
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