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Vertebrate Diversity
Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why are hagfishes and lampreys both considered craniates but not both considered vertebrates? | They have a head but do not have a backbone. They have a notochord. |
| What is one interesting feature of a hagfish, and a lamprey? | hagfish: excellent sense of smell lamprey: parasitic |
| When did jawed vertebrates first evolve? | 470 million years ago |
| What is the current hypothesis for how jaws evolved? | Modification of skeletal supports of the anterior pharyngeal slits. |
| What are the three lineages of fish? | condoricthyans, ray-finned, lobe-finned |
| What is one unique feature of a condoricthyan, ray-finned fish and lobe finned fish? | condoricthyan: flexible skin of cartilage ray-finned: bone skeleton lobe-finned: rod shaped bones |
| Which lineage of jawed vertebrates gave rise to tetrapods? Why was this originally hypothesized? | lobe-finned fishes. fins homologous to tetrapod limb bones |
| How did Acanthostega change scientists' concept of tetrapod evolution? | had legs and bones. first tetrapods more fishlike |
| What factors in the environment during the late Devonian period would have favored organisms capable of breathing air? | Lots of organisms to eat |
| Why would the transition out of water been advantageous? | warm stagnant water, water was low in oxygen. |
| What features distinguish amphibians from other jawed vertebrates? | entirely aquatic |
| In what ways are amphibians dependent on water to complete their life cycle? | must stay moist to survive |
| During what period did the major radiation of amphibians occur? | Carboniferous period |
| What are the three main lineages of amphibians? | salamanders, frogs, caecilians |
| What is one unique feature of a salamander, frog, and a caecilian? | salamander: live on land with side to side bending. frog: hops caecilian: blind and legless |
| What features distinguish reptiles from other tetrapods? | the amniotic egg |
| what other important adaptations do reptiles possess for life on land? | reptilian skin covered with scales; cold-blooded |
| Define ectotherm | absorb external heat rather than producing it. |
| Why do ectotherms have relatively low metabolic rates? | energy demands are low |
| What are the main lineages of reptiles? | lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds |
| what makes birds distinct from other reptiles? | flight, endothermic |
| what are some adaptations that birds possess for flight? | forelimbs remodeled as feather covered wings. |
| define endothermy | using heat generated by the metabolism |
| What features distinguish mammals from other amniotes? | hair, milk |
| when did mammals first evolve | 200 milion years ago |
| When did mammals undergo major diversification? | 180 million years ago |
| What are the three main lineages of mammals? | monotremes, marsupials, eutherians |
| how do monotremes, marsupials and eutherians differ? | monotremes: egg laying echdinas marsupials: pouch eutherians: placental |
| what groups are considered apes? | humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutangs, gibbons |
| Which apes is thought to be the most closely related to humans? | orangutang |
| what are hominims? | species more closely related to humans |
| what features distinguish humans from other apes? | bipedal and larger brains |
| Did brain size or bipedal locomotion evolve first? | brain size |
| What is the current thinking on our relationship to Neanderthals? | share common ancestor |
| How does our brain volume compare with other Homo species? | smaller |
| Where does the evidence indicate that Homo sapiens first arose? | Africa |
Created by:
st1126
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