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Chapter 10 DNA
Honors Bio Freshman Year
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| virulent | describes a microorganism that causes disease and that us highly infectious; strictly, refers only to virsuses that reproduce by the lytic cycle |
| transformation | the transfer of genetic material in teh form of DNA fragments from one cell to another or form one organism to another |
| bacteriophage | a virus that infects bacteria |
| nucleotide | in a nucleic-acid chain, a sub-unit that consits of a sugar, a phosphate,, nad a nitrogenous base |
| nitrogenous base | an organic base that contains nitrogen, such as purine aor pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA |
| complementary base pair | the nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNAthat are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thumine or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine |
| deoxyribose | a five carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides |
| base-pairing rules | the rules stating the cytosine pairs with guanine and adenonine pairs thymine in DNA, and that adenonine pairs with uracil in RNA |
| base sequence | |
| DNA replication | the process of making a copy of DNA |
| replication fork | a Y shaped point that results when two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that he DNA molecule can be replicated |
| semi conservative replication | in each new DNA double helix, one strand form the original molecule and one strand is new |
| mutation | a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule |
| helicase | an enzyme that separates DNA strands |
| DNA ploymerase | an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule |
| ribonucleic acid | a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that play a role in protein synthesis |
| ribose | a five-carbon sugar that is present in RNA |
| transfer RNA | an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a ploypeptide chain during translation |
| genetic code | the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to a specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein |
| transcription | the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a tempalte; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNa molecule as a template |
| translation | the protion of protein synthesis that takes palce at robisomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in plypeptide chains |
| protein synthesis | the formaton of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA |
| messenger RNA | a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make protein |
| ribosomal RNA | an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for the ribosome function |
| RNA polymerase | an enzyme that starts the formation of RNA by using a strand of DNA molecule as a template |
| codon | in DNA, a three nucelotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal |
| promoter | a nucleotide sequence on a DNa molecule to which an RNa plymerase molecule binds which initiates teh transcription of a specific gene |
| anticodon | a region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA |
| termination signal | a specific sequence of nucelotides that marks the end of a gene |
| genome | the complete genetic material contained in an individual. |
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