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Biology Evolution
Evolustion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Charles Darwin | He was an English man Medical School at Edinburgh for 2 years. He trained a degree at Cambridge for 3 years. Natural aboard his Beagle which sailed around the world for 5 years in (1831-1836) Observations led him to a special creation. |
| Biogeography | branch of biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals. |
| Forces of geology Darwin witnessed | Saw volcano erupt in Chile and learned another 500 m with blow the same night experienced earthquake that lifted beds of marine mussless still adhering to the rocks 10ft above high water mark. Observe fossils marine organisms in Andes |
| GALAPOS ISLANDS | Cluster of resent volcanic islands (600 miles of the Equator) Many unique plants and animas Darwin’s finches Tortoises Marine Iguana Endemics: found nowhere else 26/23 land birds; 436/223 endemic species of plants |
| Fitness | combinations of traits that help organisms survive Voyage helped Darwin realize organisms aren't fixed |
| Provide an explanation of the process of evolutionary (Darwin) | Post beagle trip Darwin worked on many things for next 20 years. Domestication of plants and animals. Humans do artificial selection Mendel’s work unknown |
| Malthus | An essay on the principle of population Pop. Growth would exceed resources. Intense competition for resources Darwin read Malthu’s book Competition exists among all all organisms. |
| Struggle for existence | well adapted individuals survive and the ill adjusted are eliminated. Natural selection |
| Alfred Wallace | English naturalist working in Malay Archipelago Read Malthus book During malaria fever “suddenly there fleshed upon me the idea of survival of the fittest” He comes up with the idea of natural selection Wrote a paper and sent to Darwin for review. |
| Darwin and Wallace | In 1858 Darwin receives walace’s paper in the mail Being a gentleman he did not want it to look he stole Wallace’s idea Lyell present both paper before Linnaean society of London July 1 1858. Darwin urged to publish his work ‘ Nov 24 1859 All sold out |
| Darwin Quote 1 | “Origin of species by men of natural selection of the preservation of favored races I the struggle for life” |
| Theory of evolution | Both Darwin and Wallace share credit for the theory for natural selection Complex Over 20 years for Darwin to explain |
| Blending | genetic material form the two parents blends together. |
| Gregor mendel | Particulate hypothesis. Austrian monk (1822-84) he didn’t have to work. Worked with garden peas. Parents pass under secrete heritable particle genes Worked unknown until 1900 |
| Mendel’s success | Studied math and science at university of Vienna. |
| Garden Pea | Short generation of time. (Ecolide bacteriam I 10 to 20 min. Easy to growth; simply traits; self-pollinate. True breeding varieties. Cross red flower plants with white you’ll get red plants. |
| Monohybrid | Cross between parents that true breeding for different forms of one traits. |
| Pea genes | Cross true breeding white flower with purple flower All f1 hybrid were purple white trait seemingly lost -white recessive -purple dominant |
| Pea generations | P generation- true breeding parents F1 generation-hybrid offspring F2 generation off spring obtained self-pollinating the f1 offspring |
| Gene | sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific polypeptide |
| Heritable factor | A unit of hereditary trait that is transfered from parent to offspring |
| Allele | alternatives forms of genes that occur at the same gene locus on homologous chromosomes. Occur at the same loci on homologous chromosomes. If 2 alleles at locus differ then dominant allele determines organisms appearance. Egg and a sperm get 1 of 2. |
| Locus | the physical location of a gene on a chromosome. |
| Allele information | For each parent an organism inherits 1 allele from each parent. 2 alleles at locus may be identical interbreeding plants. Alternative 2 alleles at locus may differ as in the f1 hybrids. If flowers color is purple on the f1 is because the trait is dom |
| PUNNET SQUARE | Predict results of genetic cross between genetic makeups. B: is for classical dominant recessive genes, (black hair, brown eyes, not wrinkled, etc) b: is a recessive allele (white, blonde, green eyes etc) |
| HOMOZYGOUS | two identical alleles for a gene white and white. |
| HETEROZYGOUS | two different alleles for a gene white and purple. |
| PHENOTYPE | physical appearance of the gene. |
| Mendel’s first law | hereditary characteristics are determined by discrete factors that appear in pairs, the two factors segregate (separate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes |
| DIHYBRID CROSS | cross between true breeding for distinct forms of two traits. obtained f2 |
| Segregation occurs during... | Meiosis I, when a diploid cell divides into two haploid cells. Fertilization restores the diploid number |
| Mendel's second law | LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT: the inheritance of a pair of factors for one trait is independent of the simultaneous inheritance of factors for other traits, such factors assort independently |
| law of probability | mendel law reflect rule of probability when tossing a coin outcome of that coin, outcome of the toss has no impact on outcome of the next toss. In the same way alleles of one gene segregate into gametes independently of another gene’s allele. |
| multiplication rule: | probability has two or more independent events will occurs together is a product of their individual probability. -probability in F1 monohybrid cross can be determined probability of snake with ½ dice die: 1 – 1/6= 2 1/6 1 1/6 + 1 1/6 = 1/36 |
| Inheritance of characteristics by a single gene may deviance from patterns. | -when alleles are not completely dominant or -look for blood types dominance. -genes have 2 alleles -genes produce multiple phenotypes. |
| Dominance | Complete dominance- dominant allele totally mask recessive. Incomplete phenotype of F1 between two parental phenotypes. Codominance: both alleles of a gene are express. the only way to get F2 is if you pollinate using mendel’s |
| Dominant alleles | Not necessarily are more common in populations than recessive ones. |
| Multiple alleles | most gene have more than 2 alleles. There are 3 alleles for human blood type A,B,O Human bloods types also exhibit codominance -A&B are codominant -O is recessive to both – homozygous recessive. |
| Pleiotropy | Occurs when one gene influences multiple phenotypic traits |
| Sickle cell disease | Is a single mutation in the hemoglobin gene procedures a number of effects |
| Gene traits are determined by two genes | Epistasis & Polygenetic inheritance |
| Epistasis | is the phenomenon where the effects of one gene are modified by one or several other genes, which are sometimes called modifier genes |
| Polygenetic inheritance | Additive effect two or more alleles on a single phenotype -often expressed in quantitative chromosomes. |
| Quantitative chromosomes | those that vary on a long continuum. human skin color. -Normal or bell shape curves are common in nature. |
| NATURE VS NURTURE | Environment affect gene expression (hydrangea flower range from blue to pink depending on soil). |
| HEREDITARY VS VARIATION | An organism phenotype includes its physical appearance internal anatomy, physiology and behavior An organism phenotype reflects its overall genotype and unique environmental history. |
| Pedigree Analysis | family tree that describes genetics of parents and children across generations -inheritance parents pattern of particular traits can be traced and out scribed |
| carriers-heterozygous | individuals that carry a recessive allele are phenotypically normal. |
| INBREEDING | Between close relationships increases chances of mating Between two carriers of same rare allele. Between pure breeds of dogs less |
| Multy factoral disorders | -Many diseases such as, heart disease, diabetes, alcoholism mental illness, and cancer have both genetic environmental components. -little is understood about genetic contribution to most multi factorial diseases. |
| PROKARYOTES | organisms that lack a cell nucleus. (bacteria) |
| EUKARYOTES | True nucleus Eukaryotic cells have a nucleolus containing the cell’s DNA, as well as specific membrane-bound compartments, organelles, where specific metabolic activities occur. (plants, animals, tungy) |
| basic features of all cells | plasma membrane semifluid interior called cytoplasm (cytosol) DNA (carry genes) Ribosomes (make proteins) |
| NUCLEUS | Membrane around DNA. Store DNA, genes control center of cells. |
| ORGANELLE | Membrane bound metabolic compartment |
| DNA | Complexed with histones proteins |
| Nuclear Envelope | double lipid bilayer |
| Nuclear Pores | permit passage of material in and out |
| Nucleoplasm | semifluid interior of nucleus |
| Chromatin | Single DNA molecules associated with histones proteins |
| Chromosome | condensed chromatin as a cell prepare to divide |
Created by:
Pichi
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