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Heart structure
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the heart comparable to in size | large man’s fist |
| Where is the heart located | between 2nd rib and fifth intercostal space, slanted towards the left |
| What does the heart rest on | the diaphragm |
| the heart is ____ to the vertabral column | anterior |
| the heart is ____ to the sternum | posterior |
| What is the pericardium | double walled sac that encloses heart |
| What are the two layers of the pericardium | fibrous layer and serous layer |
| What is the fibrous layer of the pericardium | forms on the outside of the pericardium and protects, anchors, prevents overfilling |
| What are the two layers that make up the serous pericardium | parietal and visceral |
| Where is the parietal serous layer | under the fibrous layer |
| Where is the visceral serous layer and what is another name for it | surrounds the heart and epicardium |
| What is the pericardial cavity and what is it’s purpose | fluid filled space between the serous layers, and lubrication to decrease the friction |
| Parietal always means lining what | the cavity |
| Visceral always means lining what | the organ |
| What is the epicardium | the direct covering of the heart and outermost heart wall |
| What is the myocardium | the muscle layer of the heart in between epicardium and endocardium |
| The myocardium’s thickness depends on what | amount of pumping action |
| The myocardium is made up of what | spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells |
| The myocardium has a _____ skeleton | fibrous |
| The fibrous part of the myocardium anchors what | what does it support |
| Where is the endocardium | under the myocardium |
| What separates the atria | interatrial septum |
| What are the pouch like things on the outside of the atria and what do they do | auricles and increase volume |
| Atria are ____ chambers of the heart | recieving |
| What are the 3 vessels entering the right atrium | superior & inferior vena cava and coronary sinus |
| What are the 2 vessels entering left atrium | right & left pulmonary veins |
| Ventricles are the _____ chambers of the heart | discharging |
| What separates the ventricles | interventricular septum |
| What is between the atrium and ventricles | interatrialventricular septum |
| the walls of the ventricles are ridged by what | trabeculae carnae |
| What are the muscles that project into the ventricular cavities | papillary muscles |
| What is the vessel leaving the right ventricle | pulmonary trunk |
| What is the vessel leaving the left ventricle | aorta |
| The heart is two side by side _____ | pumps |
| What are the two circuits of blood pathway | systemic and pulmonary circuit |
| The right side of the heart pumps blood for what circuit | pulmonary |
| The left side of the heart pumps blood for what circuit | systemic |
| What is the pulmonary circuit | vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs |
| What is the systemic circuit | vessels that carry blood to and from all body tissues |
| Explain the complete pathway of blood | right atrium recieves blood, goes through tricuspid valve, then to pulmonary trunk, then to pulmonary arteries, then to lungs, then to pulmonary veins, then to left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aorta, out into the body |
| _____ volumes of blood are pumped to pulmonary and systemic circuits | equal |
| What kind of pressure is in the pulmonary circuit | short and low |
| What kind of pressure is in the systemic circuit | high |
| Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right | because there is more resistance in the systemic circuit because it must be pumped throughout the body |
| What does the blood in the heart do for it | nothing, it does not nourish it |
| Because of this, what does the heart need | it’s own blood supply |
| What are the coronary arteries of the heart | right coronary, left coronary, marginal artery, circumflex artery, anterior interventricular artery, posterior interventricular artery |
| What are the coronary veins of the heart | small cardiac, anterior cardiac, middle cardiac, great cardiac |
| The right side of the heart carries what kind of blood | deoxygenated |
| The left side of the heart carries what kind of blood | oxygenated What does the coronary sinus do |
| What is the purpose of a valve | to ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart |
| What are the 2 types of AV valves | tricuspid and bicuspid |
| The tricuspid is on what side | right |
| The bicuspid is on what side | left |
| The AV valves prevent what | backflow into the atria when ventricles contract |
| What anchors the AV valves to the papillary muscles | chordae tendinae |
| What are the two types of semilunar valves | aorta and pulmonary |
| What do the semilunar valves do | prevent backflow into atria when ventricles are relaxed |
| What does the pulmonary artery do? | picks up oxygen and gets rid of CO2 |
| The only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood is? | pulmonary artery |
| the only vein in the body that carries oxygenated blood is? | pulmonary vein |
| What does an artery do? | carries blood AWAY from the heart |
| What does a vein do? | carries blood to the heart |
| What is important about the capillaries? | they are the exchange point between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. |
| How thick are capillaries? | single layer of cells |
| Where does all the venus blood from the heart return to? | the right atria |
| The venus blood is collected and moved to the atria by 3 sources, what are they? | superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus |
| In the coronary vascular supply, coronary veins parallel what? | coronary arteries |
| What is angina pectoris? What are the symptoms and what are they caused by? | a temporary lack of oxygen; thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in the blood delivery to the myocardium |
| What is a myocardial infarction? | heart attack caused by prolonged coronary blockage. |
| What happens in a myocardial infarction? | areas of cell death are repaired with non contractile scar tissue and since certain coronary vessels are blocked they will kill the cells |
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