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Week6-3
Social Class and Social Stratification Glossary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| caste system | a system of stratification (characterized by low social mobility) in which one's place in the stratification system is determined by birth |
| class consciousness | the awareness that a class structure exists and the feeling of shared identification with others in one's class with whom one perceives common life chances |
| culture of poverty | the argument that poverty is a way of life and, like other cultures, is passed on from generation to generation |
| educational attainment | the total years of formal education |
| estate system | a system of stratification in which the ownership of property and the exercise of power is monopolized by an elite or noble class, which has total control over societal resources |
| false consciousness | the thought resulting from subordinate classes internalizing the view of the dominant class |
| feminization of poverty | the process whereby a growing proportion of the poor are women and children |
| ideology | a belief system that tries to explain and justify the status quo |
| income | the amount of money brought into a household from various sources during a given year (wages, investment income, dividends, etc.) |
| life chances | the opportunities that people have in common by virtue of belonging to a particular class |
| median income | the midpoint of all household incomes |
| occupational prestige | the subjective evaluation people give to jobs as better or worse than others |
| poverty line | the figure established by the government to indicate the amount of money needed to support the basic needs of a household |
| prestige | the value with which different groups or people are judged |
| social class | the social structural hierarchical position groups hold relative to the economic, social, political, and cultural resources of society |
| social differentiation | the process by which different statuses in any group, organization, or society develop |
| social mobility | a person's movement over time from one class to another |
| social stratification | a relatively fixed hierarchical arrangement in society by which groups have different access to resources, power, and perceived social worth; a system of structured social inequality |
| socioeconomic status (SES) | a measure of class standing, typically indicated by income, occupational prestige, and educational attainment |
| status | an established position in a social structure that carries with it a degree of prestige |
| status attainment | the process by which people end up in a given position in the stratification system |
| urban underclass | a grouping of people, largely minority and poor, who live at the absolute bottom of the socioeconomic ladder in urban areas |
| wealth | the monetary value of what someone actually owns, calculated by adding all financial assets (stocks, bonds, property, insurance, value of investments, etc.) and subtracting debts; also called net worth |
| Race and Ethnicity Glossary | |
| affirmative action | programs in education and job hiring that recruit minorities over a wide range, but do not use rigid quotas, or, that use admissions slots (quotas) for minorities in education and set aside contracts in the economy |
| anti-Semitism | the belief or behavior that defines Jewish people as inferior and that targets them for stereotyping, mistreatment, and acts of hatred |
| assimilation | process by which a minority becomes socially, economically, and culturally absorbed within the dominant society |
| authoritarian personality | a personality characterized by a tendency to rigidly categorize people, and to submit to authority, rigidly conform, and be intolerant of ambiguity |
| contact theory | the theory that prejudice will be reduced through social interaction with those of different race or ethnicity but of equal status |
| cultural pluralism | pattern whereby groups maintain their distinctive culture and history |
| discrimination | overt negative and unequal treatment of the members of some social group or stratum solely because of their membership in that group or stratum |
| domestic colonialism | the view that a minority in a society is forced to be a colonized group within the dominant society |
| dominant group | the group that assigns a racial or ethnic group to subordinate status in society |
| ethnic group | a social category of people who share a common culture, such as a common language or dialect, a common religion, and common norms, practices, and customs |
| ethnocentrism | the belief that one's in-group is superior to all out-groups |
| forms of racism | types of racism such as traditional, aversive, laissez-faire, color-blind, and institutional |
| institutional racism | racism involving notions of racial or ethnic inferiority that have become ingrained into society's institutions |
| minority group | any distinct group in society that shares common group characteristics and is forced to occupy low status in society because of prejudice and discrimination |
| out-group homogeneity effect | the tendency for an in-group member to perceive members of any out-group as similar or identical to each other |
| prejudice | the negative evaluation of a social group, and individuals within that group, based upon conceptions about that social group that are held despite facts that contradict it |
| race | a social category, or social construction, that we treat as distinct on the basis of certain characteristics, some biological, that have been assigned social importance in the society |
| racial formation | process by which groups come to be defined as a "race" through social institutions such as the law and the schools |
| racial profiling | the use of race alone as the criterion for deciding whether to stop and detain someone on suspicion of their having committed a crime |
| racialization | a process whereby some social category, such as a social class or nationality, is assigned what are perceived to be race characteristics |
| racism | the perception and treatment of a racial or ethnic group, or member of that group, as intellectually, socially, and culturally inferior to one's own group |
| residential segregation | the spatial separation of racial and ethnic groups in different residential areas |
| salience principle | categorizing people on the basis of what initially appears prominent about them |
| scapegoat theory | argument that dominant group aggression is directed toward a minority as a substitute for frustration with some other problem |
| segregation | the spatial and social separation of racial and ethnic groups |
| stereotype | an oversimplified set of beliefs about the members of a social group or social stratum that is used to categorize individuals of that group |
| stereotype interchangeability | the principle that negative stereotypes are interchangeable from one racial group (or gender or social class) to another |
| urban underclass | a grouping of people, largely minority and poor, who live at the absolute bottom of the socioeconomic ladder in urban areas |
| Gender Glossary | |
| biological determinism | explanations that attribute complex social phenomena to physical characteristics |
| comparable worth | the principle of paying women and men equivalent wages for jobs involving similar levels of skill |
| dual labor market theory | the idea that women and men have different earnings because they tend to work in different segments of the labor market |
| feminism | a way of thinking and acting that advocates a more just society for women |
| feminist theory | analyses of women and men in society intended to improve women's lives |
| gender | socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with members of each sex |
| gender apartheid | the extreme segregation and exclusion of women from public life |
| gender identity | one's definition of self as a woman or man |
| gender segregation | the distribution of men and women in different jobs in the labor force |
| gender socialization | the process by which men and women learn the expectations associated with their sex |
| gender stratification | the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender |
| gendered institution | the idea that whole institutions are patterned by gender |
| hermaphroditism | a condition produced when irregularities in chromosome formation or fetal differentiation produces persons with mixed sex characteristics |
| homophobia | the fear and hatred of homosexuality |
| human capital theory | a theory that explains differences in wages as the result of differences in the individual characteristics of the workers |
| labor force participation rate | the percentage of those in a given category who are employed |
| liberal feminism | a feminist theoretical perspective asserting that the origin of women's inequality is in traditions of the past that pose barriers to women's advancement |
| matriarchy | a society or group in which women have power over men |
| multiracial feminism | form of feminist theory noting the exclusion of women of color from other forms of theory and centering its analysis in the experiences of all women |
| patriarchy | a society or group where men have power over women |
| radical feminism | feminist theoretical perspective that interprets patriarchy as the primary cause of women's oppression |
| sex | used to refer to biological identity as male or female |
| sexism | an ideology that defines women as different from and inferior to men |
| socialist feminism | a feminist theoretical perspective that interprets the origins of women's oppression as lying in the system of capitalism |
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