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Chp. 23 & 24

WordDefinition
1.) plasmid a circular DNA molecule that is usually found in bacteria and that can replicate independent of the main chromosome
2.) capsule in mosses, the part that contains spores; in bacteria, a protective layer of polysaccharides around the cell wall
3.) glycocalyx A capsule made up of a fuzzy coat of sticky sugars
4.) pilus a short, thick appendage that allows a bacterium to attach to another bacterium
5.) endospore a thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions
6.) heterotropgh an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their byproducts and that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic materials
7.)autotroph an organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances or from the environment instead of consuming other organisms
8.) obligate anaerobe an organism that needs the absence of oxygen in order to live
9.) facultative anaerobe an organism that can live with or without oxygen
10.) obligate aerobe an organism that needs oxygen in order to live
11.) transformation the transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments from one cell to another or from one organism to another
12.) conjugation in prokaryotes, algae, and fungi, a type of sexual reproduction in which two cells join temporarily to recombine nuclear material
13.) transduction the transfer of a bacterial gene from one bacterium to another through a bacteriophage
14.)virus a nonliving, infectious particle composed of a nucleic acid and a protein coat; it can invade and destroy a cell
15.) capsid a protein sheath that surrounds the nucleic acid core in a virus
16.) envelope a membranelike layer that covers the capsids of some viruses
17.) provirus viral DNA that has attached to a host cell's chromosome and that is replicated with the chromosome's DNA
18.) retrovirus a virus that contains single-stranded RNA and produces a reverse transcriptase, which converts RNA to DNA
19.) reverse transcriptase an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template
20.) bacteriophage a virus that infects bacteria
21.)lytic cycle virus invades a host cell, produces new viruses, and ruptures the host cell when releasing newly formed viruses.
22.) virulent describes a microorganism or virus that causes disease and that is highly infectious
23.) lysis the disintegration of a cell by disruption of the plasma membrane
24.) lysogenic cycle describes viral replication in which a viral genome is replicated as a provirus without destroying the host cell
25.) temperate virus describes a nonvirulent virus that rarely causes lysis in host cells; also moderate, not subject to prolonged extremes of hot or cold
26.) prophage the viral genome (DNA) of a bacteriophage that has entered a bacterial cell, has become attached to the bacterial chromosome, and is replicated with the host bacterium's DNA
27.) vector in physics, a physical quantity that has both magnitude and a direction
28.) protease inhibitor blocks the synthesis of new viral capsids.
29.) emerging disease illnesses caused by new or reappearing infectious agents that typically exist in animal populations-often in isolated habitats-and can infect humans who interact with these animals.
30.) inactivated virus a vaccine that has been treated so that its component microorganisms no longer have the ability to cause disease
31.) attenuated virus a virus strain that has less potency and that is used in vaccines to produce an immune response
32.) viroid an infectious agent that consists of a small strand of RNA and that causes disease in plants
33.) prion an infectious particle that consists only of a protein and that does not contain DNA or RNA
Created by: sgcook123
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