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NURS310- exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how often the entire skeleton is remodeled | every 5 years |
| osteocytes | preform bone matrix maintainence |
| osteoblasts | form new bone |
| osteoclasts | resorption of old bone |
| osteoporosis | skeletal disease causing low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue |
| # of people affected by osteporosis in the US | 28 million |
| osteoporosis is responsible for this many fractures yearly | 1.5million |
| lesser known risk factors for osteoporosis | use of corticosteriods & anticonvulsants, dementia, Cushing's syndrome |
| diagnosis of osteoporosis | bone mineral density test- measured in spine hip or wrist |
| peripheral densitometers | heel/finger |
| prevention of osteoporosis | calcium, vit C, exercise, prevention of falls, gain weight, stop smoking |
| daily value needed of calcium | 1000-1500mg daily |
| side effects of calcium supplements | constipation/gas |
| daily needed value of vit D | 400-800IU or 15-20min in the sun daily |
| vit D role | calcium absorption and bone metabolism |
| sources of vit D | liver, fish oil, milk, calcitrol |
| medications ofr osteoporosis | ERT, Fosamax, Evista, Risedronate, Calcitonin |
| Paget's Disease | abnormal formation of bone tissue that results in weakened and deformed bones; chronic accelerated bone remoldeling |
| sx of Paget's Disease | localized pain, flushing, warmth of the overlying skin |
| cause of Pagets Disease | unknown; may be caused by a virus |
| Tx of Paget's Disease | surgery-replacement of hip or knee |
| medical tx of paget's disease | biphosphonates: Fosamax, Aredia, Skelid; NSAIDS; Celebrex, Vioxx; Calcitonin |
| Osteoarthritis | DJD characterized by degeneration and loss of articular cartilage in synovial joints |
| most common arthritic disorder | osteoarthritis |
| leading cause of disability in the aged | osteoarthrits |
| osteoarthritis affects this many americans | 20-40million |
| risk factors for osteoarthrtis | obesity, muscle weakness, nerve injury, oversuse, aging, genetics, women |
| manifestations of osteoarthrtis | gradual inset with slow progression, stiffness after periods of immobility, crepitus, Herberden's (DIP) & Bouchard's (PIP) nodes, localized pain relieved by rest |
| diagnosis of osteoarthritis | H&P and X-ray |
| mngmnt of osteoarthritis | stretching, exericse, wgt control, ROM |
| medication for osteoarthritis | analgesics( Tylenol, Darvon) NSAIDS (ASA, ibuprofen) Hyaluronic Acid Therapy COX-2 ( Celebrex, Vioxx) |
| surgeries for osteoarthritis | arthroscopy & arthroplasty |
| Rheumatiod Arthritis | autoimmune connective tissue disease that most commonly causes inflammation of the joints and joint deformity; antibodies destroy own body tissues; bilateral; chronic illness |
| ppl affected by RA | 1% of population; more women/ages 30-50yrs |
| cause of RA | unknown |
| manifestation of RA | fever, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, sching & stiffness, warm, boggy, cyanotic, shiny joints |
| deformities caused by RA | ulnar deviation of fingers, swan-neck wrist, Boutonniere deformity, nodules, flexion of PIP and extension of DIP joint |
| diagnosis of RA | H&P, lab studies |
| medications used for RA | ASA & other NASIDS, corticosteriods, immunosuppressive therapy (methotrexate) |
| surgeries for RA | synovectomy, arthroplasty |
| Gout | metabolic dosorder characterized by an elevated serum uric acid concentration and deposition of urate crystals in synovial fluid and surrounding joint tissues |
| ppl affected by gout | 1-3.5% of US population, more men |
| where gout develops | big toe, 1 joint at a time, serum uric acid level >7.0mg/dL |
| acute gout | abrupt onset precipitated by trauma, alcohol, stress; acute pain, swollen joint, fever ,chills, malaise, evelvated WBC and sed rate |
| chronic gout | Tophacceous gout |
| medications for gout | NSAIDs, Colchicine, analgesics, corticosteriods |
| other therapy for gout | bed rest, elevate joint, hot/cold compress, increased fluid intake, alcohol and sodium aviodance |
| Burstits | infalmmation of irritation of bursa |
| tendinitis | inflammation or irritation of a tendon |
| Tx of bursititis and tendinitis | rest, splints, cold to hot compresses, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids |
| 6th leading cause of death in elderly | hip fractures |
| manifestations of hip fracture | pain, shortening of affected extremity, external rotation of lower extremity |
| CHF affects these ppl | 4 million; more african americans |
| afterload | amount of force the left ventricle develops to eject blood into circulation |
| preload | amount of cardiac muscle tension in ventricle |
| stroke volume | amount of blood ejected from ventricle with each contraction (preload + afterload + contractility) |
| CO | blood pumped in 1 min from ventricle (4-8L) |
| Ejection Fraction | % of blood in ventricle at end of diastole that is ejected during systole (60%) |
| causes of HF | too much volume, defects, HTN, MI, ETOH, CHD, cardiomyopathy, pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, stenosis of valve |
| serum electrolytes in HF | serum osmolarity decreases d/t fluid retention; need baseline for diuretics |
| ABG analysis in HF | decreased PO2, rises as CHF worsens |
| chest x-ray findings for CHF | pulmonary vascular congestion and cardiomegaly |
| echocardiogram for HF | evaluates LV function, hypertrophy, decreased contractility, decreased EF |
| Cardiac Cath | shows presence of CAD |
| Tx for CHF | ventricle pump performance-oxygen, digoxin reduce myocardial workload- diuretics, high fowlers position. reduce afterload- vasodilators, ACE's, Beta-Blockers |
| Raynauds Disease | digital arteries respond excessively to vasospastic stimuli; diagnosed after 3 years |
| blue-white-red disease | colors digits turn in Raynauds |
| Iron deficient anemia | most common anemia |
| s/s of iron deficient anemia | brittle nails, cheilosis, smooth & sore tongue, craving for starch, decreased Hbg |
| Tx of iron deficient anemia | iron pills, foods high in iron |
| Pernicious anemia | failure to absorb vit B12 |
| s/s of pernicious anemia | low hbg, hct, RBC levels; pallor or jaundice, weakness/numbness sensations |
| tx of pernicious anemia | cobalamin (B12) injections, increase foods high in B12 (meats, eggs, dairy products |
| CVA | 3rd leasding cause of death in US; ischemic or hemorrhagic |
| s/s of CVA | transient hemiparesis, loss of speech, vertigo or syncope, paresthesias, transient paralysis, epistaxis, HA |
| Atrial fibrillation | lack of organized atrial activity and irregular timing of ventricular response |
| causes of atrial fib | decreased # of SA node cells, HTN, CAD, valve problem |
| s/s of atrial fib | heart racing, faint feeling, irregular heart beat |
| Tx of atrial fib | digoxin, cardioversion |
Created by:
rsg175
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