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BIO100 Midterm
Biology Concepts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis | ecological balance of the body |
| Behavior = | Responses |
| Cells -> | Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Complex Organisms |
| Tissues -> | Organs -> Organ Systems -> Complex Organisms |
| Organs -> | Organ Systems -> Complex Organisms |
| Organ Systems -> | Complex Organisms |
| Kingdoms: | Monera (or Bacteria&Archaea), Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia |
| Kingdoms: Monera (or Bacteria&Archaea)-> | Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia |
| Scientific method: | Observation > Hypothesis > Experiment > Data > Conclusion > Theory > Law |
| Characteristics (8) of living organisms: O - C - M - E - R - R - S - A | 1. Organized 2. composed of cells 3. use material 4. use energy 5. responsive 6. reproductive 7. develop through stages 8. adaptions over many generations |
| Atomic Number - location to symbol & meaning | (above) = protons |
| Atomic Mass - location to symbol & meaning | (below) = protons + neutrons |
| Atomic Mass - Atomic Number = | neutrons ; electrons weigh nothing |
| How much do electron weigh? | Nothing. |
| Covalent bond | Shared bonding |
| Polar bond | Unequal covalent sharing |
| Ionic bond | Give and take bonding, attraction between opposite charges |
| Octet rule | On an atom w/ 2+ shells, the atom is most stable when it has eight electrons in the outer shell |
| pH level | Acid - 7 + Base ; 7 is neutral, above is base, below is acid |
| pH level - what is neutral? | 7 |
| pH level ABOVE 7 is called what? | Base |
| pH level BELOW 7 is called what? | Acid |
| Carbohydrates (Carbs) | 1. Immediate energy 2. used for structural components |
| Lipids | 1. Fats & oils; 2. Insoluble in water; 3. Cholesterol forms steroids |
| Proteins - 7 characteristics S M T D R M AA | 1. Support, 2. metabolism, 3. transport, 4. defense, 5. regulation, 6. motion; 7. Amino acids link to form proteins (covalent/peptide bond) |
| Nucleic Acids | 1. DNA & RNA; 2. Made of nucleotides |
| Prokaryotic | Simpler, smaller, non-membrane bound |
| Eukaryotic | Bigger, more complex, membrane bound |
| Nucleus - 4 characteristics | 1. Membrane bound, 2. control center, 3. contains DNA, 4. stores genetic information |
| Plasma Membrane | 1. Regulates coming and goings of substances in the cells; 2. made of a phospholipid bilayer |
| Ribosomes | 1. Workbenches, 2. synthesizes/makes proteins |
| Vesicles | Transport between organelles |
| Rough ER | 1. Studded w/ ribosomes, 2. helps synthesize proteins |
| Smooth ER | 1. Connected to Rough ER, 2. produces lipids |
| Golgi apparatus | 1. modifies and packages substances from the ER into vacuoles; 2. produces lysosomes |
| Vacuoles | 1. Mainly storage; 2. also digestion and contraction |
| Lysosomes | 1. Filled with digestive enzymes; 2. cell suicide bombers |
| Chloroplasts | 1. Unique to plant cells; 2. produces carbs using solar energy |
| Mitochondria | Produces most of the cells ATP |
| Cilia and Flagella | 1. Maintains a cell's shape; 2. permits movement |
| Chromatin | 1. , contains DNA, 2. found in the nucleus in non-dividing cell |
| Chromosomes | 1. Wound chromatin that forms sister chromatids; 2. two identical chromatids held together by centromere, 3. found in dividing cell |
| Cell Cycle - Interphase - describe | a cell's usual functions |
| Cell Cycle - Interphase - 3 parts | 1. G1: Doubles organelles, and accumulates materials 2. S: Synthesizes/replicates DNA into chromosomes 3. G2: Last minute prep for mitosis, protein synthesis |
| Cell Cycle - Interphase - G1 | Doubles organelles, and accumulates materials |
| Cell Cycle - Interphase - S | Synthesizes/replicates DNA into chromosomes |
| Cell Cycle - Interphase - G2 | Last minute prep for mitosis, protein synthesis |
| Cell Cycle - M Stage(s) - describe | 1. cell reproduction; 2. ends with two identical daughter cells |
| Cell Cycle - M Stage(s) - 5 stages P M A T C | 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase 5. Cytokinesis |
| Cell Cycle - M Stage(s) - Prophase | 1. Chromosomes condense, 2. nuclear envelope disintegrates, 3. centromeres separate, 4. spindle forms |
| Cell Cycle - M Stage(s) - Metaphase | Chromosomes align at spindle equator |
| Cell Cycle - M Stage(s) - Anaphase | 1. Sister chromatids separate, 2. daughter chromosomes pulled to opposite poles; 3. microtubles disassemble |
| Cell Cycle - M Stage(s) - Telophase | 1. Nuclear envelope forms, 2. spindle disappears |
| Cell Cycle - M Stage(s) - Cytokinesis | Cytoplasm separates/divides |
| Dehydration puts ---- into ------ | monomers together into polymers |
| Hydrolosis separates ---- into ---- | polymers into monomers |
| Dehydration puts together or separates? | puts monomers TOGETHER into polymers |
| Hydrolosis puts together or separates? | SEPARATES polymers into monomers |
| Test cross | 1. Cross between dominant and recessive phenotype; 2. results show if dominant phenotype is homo- or hetreozygous |
| Homozygous | Both alles are the same (HH, hh) |
| Hetreozygous | Both alles are different (Hh) |
| Replication | DNA is unwound, then seperated |
| Transcription | RNA receives instuctions from DNA; mRNA |
| Translation - 5 steps | 1. Converts mRNA into proteins; 2. occurs at ribosomes, 3. mRNA gives instructions, 4. tRNA finds amino acids, 5. then forms proteins |
| 36-38 ATP | Maximum ATP produced from one molecule of glucose |
| haploid | 23 chromosomes in meosis (22 autosomes, 1 sex); |
| diploid | 46 chromosomes/23 pairs in mitosis (44 autosomes, 2 sex |
| Down Syndrome | 23rd chromosome |
| Klienfelter | XXY male |
| Jacob's | XYY male |
| Turner's | XO female |
Created by:
yo2sls
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