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ch.3and5
biology test review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is ecology? | The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment, or surroundings. |
| Species | A group of organisms so similar to one another that they breed and produce fertile offspring. |
| Populations | A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. |
| Community | Assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area. |
| Ecosystem | A collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving,or physical environment. |
| Biome | A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant. Communities. |
| What is the core of every organisms interaction with the environment | It's the need for energy to power life processes. |
| Autotroph | Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds. Doesn't have to be photosynthetic. |
| Producer | Photosynthetic organisms.---------> autotroph |
| Heterotroph | Organism that obtains energy from food it consumes. |
| Consumer | Organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply. |
| Herbivore | Organism that obtains energy by eating plants. Ex: cows, rabbits |
| Carnivore | Heterotroph that obtains energy by eating animals. Ex: lion,cheetah |
| Omnivore | Organism that obtains energy by eating plants and animals. Ex:humans,bears,crow |
| Detritivore | Organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter. Ex: vultures |
| Decomposer | Organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter. Ex: bacteria, worms |
| Food chain | A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten. |
| Food web | Network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem. |
| Trophic level | Step in a food chain or food web |
| Explain how energy and matter flow differently through an ecosystem. | Unlike the one way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. |
| Biogeochemical cycle | Process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another from one part of the biosphere to another. |
| Evaporation | Process by which water changes from a liquid into an atmospheric gas. |
| Transpiration | Loss of water from a plant through its leaves. |
| Competition | Interaction between a species in which both are harmed |
| Predation | Species A benefits, species B is killed |
| Parasitism | Species A benefits, species B is harmed but not killed. |
| Mutualism | Species A and B both benefit |
| Commensalism | Species A benefits, species B is unaffected. |
| Ecological succession | Gradual change in living communities that follws a disturbance. |
| Tropical rain forest | Home to more species than all other biomes combined. |
| Tropical savanna | Receives more seasonal rainfall than deserts but less than tropical dry forests. |
| Temperate grassland | Characterized by a rich mix of grasses. |
| Taiga/boreal forest/coniferous forest | All the same |
| Tundra | Characterized by permafrost |
| Temperate woodland and shrubland | Also know as chaparral. Is characterized by a mix of shrub communities and a seminard climate. |
| What are 3 factors that affect population size? | Distribution, density, and growth rate. |
| Limiting factor | A factor that causes population growth to decrease. |
| Density -independent | Limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size. Ex: unusual weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles, and human activities |
| Density -dependent | A limiting factor that depends on population size. Ex: competition, predation,parasitism, and disease. |
| Demography | Scientific study of human populations |
| Each stage of demographic transition | 1. Birthrates and deathrates are high 2.deathrates drop,birthrates remain high 3. Birthrates decrease |
| How is human population growing and what do demographers predict the human population will be in 2050? | Exponentially and over 9 billion people |
| Directional selection | When individuals at one end of the curve have a higher fitness than individuals in the middle or end. |
| Stabilizing selection | When individuals at the upperand lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle |
Created by:
Menna77
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