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Biology exam 1
chapter 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Archaeon Era | 3.8-2.7 BYA |
| Proterozoic Eon | 2.1-1.0 BYA |
| Phanerozoic Eon | 533-525 MYA |
| Paleozoic | 500-300 MYA |
| How old is the earth? | 4.5 BYA |
| list the timeline of occurrences in the archaeon era | 3.8 BYA- prokaryotic cells 3.5 BYA- stromatolites 2.7 BYA- oxygen accumulation |
| list the timeline of occureneces inthe proterozoic eon | 2.1 BYA- eukaryotic cells 1.5 BYA- origin of mitochondria 1.0 BYA- oridin of chloroplasts |
| in what era and what timeline did multicellularity occur? And what organisms where brought about? | 1.5 BYA-proterozoic eon algae,plants,animals,fungi |
| list the timeline of occurences in the phanerzoic eon | 533-525 MYA Cambrian period |
| list the timeline of occurrences during the paleozoic era | 500-300 MYA: 500 MYA- colinization of land 365 MYA- tetrapods arrive 1,700 MYA- our species arrived |
| What time period and in what eon did our species arrive? | 1,700 MYA in the paleozoic eon |
| what are the four steps to the biological evolution? | 1st: nucleotides and amino acids where produced prior to cells 2nd: nucleotides made DNA, amino acids made RNA 3rd: polymers became closed in membranes 4th: those polymers became cells |
| Adaptive radiation | an organism moved into a variety of different environments and food sources which produced a wide array of descendant species from one type of ancestor |
| How does extinction coincide with adaptive radiation? | mass extinction of the dinosaurs 65 MYA allowed for adaptive radiation of mammals |
| What causes extinctions? | -environmental changes causes extintction |
| What are three consequences of extinctions? | -changes the ecosystem for organisms -can take 5-100 MY to recover -can pave way for adaptive radiation |
| Radioactive Decay | -an unstable isotope decays -a neutron is converted to a proton -an electron is released |
| How can radio isotopic dating materials estimate the age of fossils? | -a comparison of how much has decayed and how much parent material is left, and half-life |
| What is half-life? | the time it takes for half of an organism to decay |
| Relative age of a fossil? | it is younger or older depending on what stratum it is found |
| Absolute age of a fossil? | can be measured by radio isotopic dating |
| Stratum | the layer of rock in which a generation of fossils is found same stratum=same age higher stratum=younger lower stratum=older |
| When did the Cambrian explosion occur? | during the phenerozoic eon 533-525MYA |
| What is the Cambrian Explosion? | sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern phyla |
| What provides the first evidence of preditor pray interactions? | The cambrian explosion, in the phenerozoic eon 533-525 MYA |
| When were the first eukaryotes present? Waht evidence? | The Proterozoic Eon 2.1 BYA Fossil evidence with presence of a nucleus |
| What are endosymbionts? | a cell that lives within a host cell |
| What is evidence of oxygenic photosynthesis? and when did it occur? | 2 BYA Proterozoic Eon -found in banded iron formations |
| What is evidence of autotrophic prokaryote? | found in stromatolites |
| What is a stromatolite? | first known fossil 3.5 BYA was of autotrophic cyanobacteria preserved in calcium carbonate layers |
| How did aerobic species evolve according to stromatolite evidence? | -cyanobacteria produced O2 -anarobic prokaryotes poisoned by O2 -aerobic species evolved |
| What is first appearance of cells/organisms? | Prokaryotic cells |
| When did prokaryotic cells arise? | The Archaeon Era 3.8 BYA |
| What is the characteristics for the first cells/organisms? | -prokaryotic cells arrose -first organisms were anarobic -first cells were heterotrophic |
| Why are the current DNA/RNA/protein functions advantageous to DNA? | -DNA took over information role b/c it is less likely to suffer mutations -RNA does other functions such as producing protein -protein has a greater catalytic potential to stabilize cell strucure |
| What are the 4 stages of life? | 1) origin of organic molecules 2) origin of organic polymers 3) formation of boundaries 4) origin of RNA |
| What made it possible for organic molecules to arise? And what are the four evidence based theories? | -conditions of primitive earth which made it conducive to spontaneous formation of organic molecules 1)reducing atmosphere hypothesis 2)extra terrestrial hypothesis 3)deep sea vents 4)polymerization |
| What is the extra terrestrial hypothesis? | meteroites brought carbon to Earth includin nucleic bases and amino acids |
| What is the reducing atmosphere hypothesis? | Miiler Urey formed an experiment that simulated earths atmosphere and lightening and formed nitrogen bases,amino acids, and sugars |
| What is the deep sea vent hypothesis? | molecules may have been formed in the temperature gradient between hot deep sea vents and cold ocean water and derived their energy from chemicals there not from the sun |
| What is the process of Polymerization? | -monomers form long chains -sugars form carbohydrates -amino acids form protein -nucleotides form nucleic acid |
| What is the second stage of origin of life? | Organic Polymers |
| What experiment shows origin of polymers? | formation of nucleic acid polymers and polypeptides on clay serfaces |
| Are prebiotic synthesis of polymers possible in aqueous solution? | NO |
| What is the third stage of life? | Formations of Boundaries (protobiont) |
| What are 4 characteristics of protobionts? | -cell like collection of polymers -have a boundary to separate external environment from internal conditions -have information and enzymatic function -capable of self replication |
| What is the 4th stage of Origin of life? | RNA World |
| What is the first macromolecule of protobonts? | RNA |
| What are the functions of RNA? | can store info, self replicate, and have enzymatic function |
| What are the 2 types of protobionts? | -Coacervates -Liposome |
| What is a coercative? | droplets form spontaneously from charged polymers -enzymes perform metabolic function |
| Liposome | vesicles surrounded by a lipid layer, lipososmes grow and divide -can enclose RNA |
Created by:
kmjoynt
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