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N201: Test III V
Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Without tone; denervated muscle that atrophies | atonic |
| shrinkagelike decrease in the size of a muscle | atrophy |
| fluid-filled sac found in connective tissue, usually in the area of joints | bursae |
| cartilaginous/fibrous tissue at fracture site | callus |
| latticelike bone structure; trabecular bone | cancellous bone |
| tough, elastic, avascular tissue at ends of bone | cartilage |
| rhythmic contraction of muscles | clonus |
| abnormal shortening of muscle or joint, or both; fibrosis | contracture |
| compact bone | cortical bone |
| grating or crackling sound or sensation; may occur with movement of ends of a broken bone or irregular joint surface | crepitus |
| shaft of long bone | diaphysis |
| excess fluid in joint | effusion |
| a thin, vascular membrane covering the marrow cavity of long bones and the spaces in cancellous bone | endosteum |
| end of long bone | epiphysis |
| fibrous tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles (epimysium) | fascia |
| involuntary twitch of muscle fibers | fasciculation |
| limp, without muscle tone | flaccid |
| enlargement; increase in size of muscle | hypertrophy |
| muscle tension increased, length unchanged, no joint motion (push) | isometric contraction |
| muscle tension unchanged, muscle shortened, joint moved (flexion) | isotonic contraction |
| area where bone ends meet; provides for motion and flexibility | joint |
| fibrous tissue that encloses bone ends and other joint surfaces | joint capsule |
| increase in the convex curvature of the spine | kyphosis |
| mature compact bone structures that form concentric rings of bone matrix; lamellar bone | lamellae |
| fibrous band connecting bones | ligament |
| increase in lumbar curvature of the spine | lordosis |
| process in which minerals (Ca+) are deposited in bone matrix | ossification |
| bone-forming cell | osteoblast |
| bone resorption cell | osteoclast |
| mature bone cell | osteocyte |
| new bone formation | osteogenesis |
| microscopic functional bone unit | osteon |
| abnormal sensation (eg, burning, tingling, numbness) | parasthesia |
| fibrous connective tissue covering bone | periosteum |
| process that ensures bone maintenance through simultaneous bone resorption and formation | remodeling |
| removal/destruction of tissue, such as bone | resorption |
| lateral curving of the spine | scoliosis |
| having greater than normal muscle tone | spastic |
| membrane in joint that secretes lubricating fluid | synovium |
| cord of fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone | tendon |
| normal tension (resistance to stretch) in resting muscle | tone (tonus) |
| latticelike bone structure; cancellous bone | trabeculae |
| diagnostic evaluation for: tumors ligament or tendon damage | computed tomography |
| diagnostic evaluation for: | magnetic resonance imaging |
| a dye is inserted into the joint and ROM is performed. If tear is present, contrast agent leaks out of joint and is evident on x-rays image | anthrography |
| most common bone densiometry scan | DEXA scan |
| performed in OR, large needle inserted to joint, distended with saline, camera introdued to visualize joint | arthroscopy |
| used to estimate bone mineral density: the only way to diagnose osteoporosis | bone densitometry |
| detects metastatic and primary bone tumors, osteomyelitis, some fractures, and aseptic necrosis. A radioisotope is injected in IV and uptake of die is measured. | bone scan |
| arthrocentesis | |
| electromyography | |
| biopsy | |
| movement away from the center of the median line of the body | abduction |
| movement toward the center or median line of the body | adduction |
| death of tissue due to insufficient blood supply | avascular necrosis |
| externally applied device to support the body or a body part, control movement, and prevent injury | brace |
| rigid external immobilizing device molded to contours of body part | cast |
| psychological (claustrophobic reaction) or physiologic (superior mesenteric artery syndrome) responses to confinement in body cast | cast syndrome |
| a device that promotes ROM, circulation, and healing | continuous passive motion device |
| soft tissue swelling due to fluid accumulation | edema |
| external metal frame attached to bone fragments to stabilize them | external fixator |
| a break in the continuity of the bone | fracture |
| misplaced formation of bone | heterotopic ossification |
| neurologic (motor and sensory components) and circulatory functioning of a body part | neurovascular status |
| open surgical procedure to repair and stabilize a fracture | open reduction with internal fixation |
| infection of the bone | osteomyelitis |
| surgical cutting of the bone | osteotomy |
| bandage used to support an arm | sling |
| device designed specifically to support and immobilize a body part in a desired position | splint |
| application of a pulling force to a part of the body | traction |
| overhead assistance device to promote patient mobility in bed | trapeze |
| inflammation of a fluid-filled sac in a joint | bursitis |
| abnormal shortening of muscle or fibrosis of joint structures | contracture |
| new bone growth areound a sequestrum | involucrum |
| disease of a nerve root | radiculopathy |
| sciatic nerve pain; pain travels down back of thigh into foot | sciatica |
| dead bone in abscess cavity | sequesrtum |
| inflammation of muscle tendons | tendinitis |
| tissue harvested from a donor for use in another person | allograft |
| removal of a body part, usually a limb or part of a limb | amputation |
| surgical scope injected into the joint to examine or repair | arthroscope |
| death of tissue secondary to a decrease or lack of perfusion | avascular necrosis |
| blunt force injury to soft tissue | contusion |
| a grating sound or sensation by rubbing bony fragments together | crepitus |
| surgical removal of contaminated and devitalized tissues and foreign material | debridement |
| prolongation of expected healing time for a fracture | delayed union |
| amputation through a joint | disarticulation |
| complete separation of joint surfaces | dislocation |
| a break in the continuity of a bone | fracture |
| restoration of fracture fragments into anatomic alignment | fracture reduction |
| healing of a fractured bone in a malaligned position | malunion |
| failure of fractures bones to heal together | nonunion |
| pain perceived in an amputated section | phantom limb pain |
| acronym for rest, ice, compression, elevation | RICE |
| an injury to ligaments and muscles and other soft tissues at a joint | sprain |
| a musculotendinous stress injury | strain |
| partial separation of joint surfaces | subluxation |
| involuntary flapping movements of the hands associated with metabolic liver dysfunction | asterixis |
| use of balloons placed within the esophagus and proximal portion of the stomach and inflated to compress bleeding vessels (esophageal and gastric vessels) | balloon tamponade |
| hepatic vein thrombosis resulting in non-cirrhotic portal hypertension | Budd-Chiari syndrome |
| a chronic liver disease characterized by fibrotic changes and the formation of dense connective tissue within the liver, subsequent degenerative changes, and loss of functioning cells | cirrhosis |
| inability to draw figures in two or three dimensions | constructional apraxia |
| sweet, slightly fecal odor to the breath, presumed to be of intestinal origin; prevalent with the extensive collateral portal circulation in chronic liver disease | fetor hepaticus |
| sudden, severe onset of acute liver failure that occurs within eight weeks after the first symptoms of jaundice | fulminant hepatic failure |
| CNS dysfunction resulting from liver disease; frequently associated with elevated ammonia levels that produce changes in mental status, altered level of consciousness, and coma | hepatic encephalopathy |
| grafting of a donor liver into the normal anatomic location, with the removal of the diseased native liver | orthotopic liver transplantation |
| elevated pressure in the portal circulation resulting from obstruction of venous flow into and through the liver | portal hypertension |
| the injection of substances into or around esophagogastric varices to cause constriction, thickening, and hardening of the vessel and thus to stop bleeding | sclerotherapy |
| procedure that involves the endoscopic placement of a rubber band-like device over esophageal varices ti ligate the area and stop bleeding | variceal banding |
| transplantation of organs from one species to another | xenograft |
| when bilirubin concentration in the blood is abnormally elevated, all the body tissues, including the sclerae and the skin, become tinged yellow or greenish-yellow | jaundice |
| increased destruction of RBCs, increased unconjugated bilirubin in plasma, liver functions properly but cannot handle increased amts of bilirubin | hemolytic jaundice |
| inability of damaged liver cells to clear normal amts of bilirubin from the blood; increased unconjugated bilirubin | hepatocellular jaundice |
| extrahepatic or intrahepatic obstruction that prevents bile from entering the intestine, causing it to back up into the liver and be reabsorbed into the blood. Increased urobilirubin and conjugated bilirubin | obstructive jaundice |
| increased serum bilirubin levels, resulting from any several inherited disorders, can also cause jaundice. (Gilbert's, Dubin-Johnson, & Rotor's syndromes) | hereditary hyperbilirubinemia |
| The biggest risk for damaged organs is a | fractured pelvis |
| the reservoir for immature blood cells | bands |
| a fracture is significant for loss of blood and hematomia because bones are | blood rich |
| immovable joints | synarthrosis |
| joints that allow limited movement | amphiarthrosis |
| freely movable joints | dirthrosis |
| dislocation is a concern with _______ joints | ball and socket |
| arthritis, overuse, hyperextension and tendonitis are concerns with _____ joints | hinge |
| the base of the thumb is a _______ joint | saddle |
| a joint that turns (turning or a doorknob) | pivot |
| muscles are encased in a fibrous tissue called | fascia |
| ________ of muscle cause movement | contraction |
| muscles <-(________)-> bones | tendons |
| development of new blood supply - new blood vessels | angiogenesis |
| process of bone formation | osteogenesis |
| the process of formation of the bone matrix and deposition of minerals | ossification |
| diagnostic evaluation for: bone deformities joint changes | x-ray |
| The only way to diagnose osteoporosis is a _____ scan | DEXA |
| A cast is used for: | External immobilization |
| A ______ reduces a fracture, corrects a deformity, applies uniform pressure to underlying soft tissue, and supports and stabilizes weakened joints. | cast |
| a viral infection causing inflammation and necrosis or the liver cells | hepatitis |
| ROM: Pulling down toward midline of body (Arms from out to in) | Adduction |
| Mineralized bone matrices | Lamellae |
| The marrow cavity lining of hollow bone | Endosteum |
| Latticelike bone structure | Trabecula |
| Spongy, latticelike bone structure | Cancellous Bone |
| A microscopic functional bone unit | Osteon |
| Most prevalent M/S disease in the world is | Osteoporosis |
| Pre-cursor to Osteoporosis is | Osteopenia |
| ______ osteoporosis occurs after menopause | Primary |
| ______ osteo from conditions that affect the bone metabolism | Secondary |
| Metabolic bone disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of the bone, weakness of skeleton | Osteomalasia |
| Infection of the bone, results in inflammation and necrosis | Osteomyelitis |
| Infection of the joints | Septic Arthritis |
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