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Biology_Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chromosome | Cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells |
| Chromatin | long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus |
| Cell Cycle | continuous sequence of growth (interphase) and division (mitosis) in a cell |
| Interphase | cell growth phase where a cell increases in size, carries on metabolism, and duplicates chromosomes prior to division |
| Mitosis | period of nuclear cell division in which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes |
| Prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes |
| Sister Chromatids | identical halves of a duplicated parent chromosome formed during the prophase stage of mitosis |
| Centriole | in animal cells, a pair of small cylindrical structures composed of microtubules that duplicate during interphase and move to opposite ends of the cell during prophase |
| Spindle | cell structures composed of microtubule fibersMet |
| Metaphase | short second phase of mitosis where doubled chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres to a separate spindle fiber |
| Anaphase | third phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and the chromatid pairs of each chromosome are pulled apart by microtubules |
| Telophase | final phase of mitosis during which new cells prepare for their own independent existence |
| Cytokinesis | cell process following meiosis or mitosis in which the cell's cytoplasm divides and separates into new cells |
| Tissue | groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function |
| Organ | group of two or more tissues organized to perform complex activities within an organism |
| Organ System | multiple organs that work together to perform a specific life function |
| Cancer | uncontrolled cell division that may be caused by environmental factors and/or changes in enzyme production in the cell cycle |
| Gene | segment of DNA that controls the protein production and the cell cycle |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane depending on the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane |
| Isotonic Solution | in cells, in which the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the dissolved substances inside a cell. |
| Hypotonic Solution | in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell |
| Hypertonic Solution | in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell |
| Passive Transort | movement of particles across cell membranes by diffusion or osmosis |
| Facilitated Diffusion | passive transport of materials across a plasma membrane by transport proteins embedded in the plasma membrane |
| Active Transport | energy-expanding process by which cells transport materials across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient |
| Endocytosis | active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell's membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell |
| Exocytosis | active transport process by which materials are secreted or expelled from a cell |
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